ASTM D 标准试验方法 胶带法测量附着力

ASTM D3359-09 标准试验方法 胶带法测量附着力

This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3359; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

这个标准是D 3359确定了以后发行的。数字代表名称最初通过的时间，或者修订情况，和最新版本。括号内的数字代表最新重新审批时间。上标代表最新版本的变化或重新审批。 This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense. 该标准已经被国防机构部门批准使用。 1. Scope 范围

These test methods cover procedures for assessing the adhesion of coating films to metallic substrates by applying and removing pressure-sensitive tape over cuts made in the film.

本标准提出的试验方法是规定通过在漆膜切割区施加和撕离压敏胶带的方式，对漆膜与金属底材之间的附 着力进行评定的程序

Test Method A is primarily intended for use at job sites while Test Method B is more suitable for use in the laboratory. Also, Test Method B is not considered suitable for films thicker than 5 mils (125μm).

试验方法A主要是供工作场所用，而试验方法B更适合实验室使用。试验方法B被视为不适合厚度超过 5毫英寸（125微米）的漆膜。

NOTE 1—Subject to agreement between the purchaser and the seller,Test Method B can be used for thicker films if wider spaced cuts are employed.

注 1-根据买卖双方的协议，如果切割间距较宽，漆膜较厚时可采用试验方法B。

These test methods are used to establish whether the adhesion of a coating to a substrate

is at a generally adequate level. They do not distinguish between higher levels of adhesion for which more sophisticated methods of measurement are required.

本标准规定的试验方法用于总体判定涂层与底材之间的附着力是否达到足够的水平。如果附着力较高，本标准规定的试验方法无法精确地区分附着力的差别，需要使用更精确的测量方法。

NOTE 2—It should be recognized that differences in adherability of the coating surface can affect the results obtained with coatings having the same inherent adhesion. 注2-应该注意到，涂层内在附着力相同的情况下，涂覆面附着性的差别会影响测量结果。

1.4 In multicoat systems adhesion failure may occur between coats so that the adhesion of the coating system to the substrate is not determined.

多层涂层体系可能出现层间脱落，无法确定涂层体系与底材之间的附着力。

The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. SI单位的数值被视为标准，括号内的数值仅供参考.

This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

本标准并没有指出与其使用相关的所有安全事项。本标准的用户应负责在使用之前采取适当的安全和卫生 措施，并确定各项管理限制条件的适用性 2. Referenced Documents 参考文件 ASTM Standards: 美国材料与试验协会标准 D 609 Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels for Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, and Related Coating Products2

D609-涂料,清漆,转化涂层和相关覆层产品的测试-用冷轧钢板制备的标准实施规范

D 823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness of Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test Panels2

D823-色漆,清漆,喷漆及有关产品制成厚度均匀漆膜试片的方法

D 1000 Test Method For Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive-Coated Tapes Used for Electrical and Electronic Applications3

D1000-电气设备用压合敏感胶粘剂涂覆带的试验方法

D 1730 Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces for Painting4

D1730- 涂漆用铝和铝合金表面预处理标准实施规范

D 2092 Guide for Preparation of Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Surfaces for Painting5 D2092-用于涂漆的镀锌钢材表面预处理的标准指南

D 2370 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Organic Coatings2 D2370-有机涂层抗拉性能的标准试验方法。

D 3330 Test Method for Peel Adhesion of Pressure-Sensitive Tape 6 D3330-

D 3924 Specification for Standard Environment for Conditioning and Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Materials2

D 3924-色漆,清漆,喷漆和相关物质状态调节和试验用标准环境规范

D 4060 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abraser2 D 4060 -用泰伯尔磨蚀机测定有机涂层耐磨性的标准试验方法 3. Summary of Test Methods 试验方法摘要

Test Method A—An X-cut is made through the film to the substrate, pressure-sensitive tape is applied over the cut and then removed, and adhesion is assessed qualitatively on the 0 to 5 scale.

试验方法A：一个X切口贯通漆膜和底材 ，在切口处施加和移除压敏胶带，粘附力按照0-5等级进行评估。

Test Method B—A lattice pattern with either six or eleven cuts in each direction is made in the film to the substrate, pressure-sensitive tape is applied over the lattice and then removed, and adhesion is evaluated by comparison with descriptions and illustrations. 试验方法B：在涂层与底材之间切割出六道或十一道格形状的切痕，在格之间施加和移除压敏胶带，通过图表描述对比来评估粘附力。

4. Significance and Use 意义和用途

If a coating is to fulfill its function of protecting or decorating a substrate, it must adhere to it for the expected service life. Because the substrate and its surface

preparation (or lack of it) have a drastic effect on the adhesion of coatings, a method to evaluate adhesion of a coating to different substrates or surface treatments, or of different coatings to the same substrate and treatment, is of considerable usefulness in the industry.

如果涂层能保护或装饰底材，必须要达到预期的服务寿命。因为涂层的附着性对底材和其表面处理（或

缺乏）有强烈的影响，用同一种方法来评估不同底材涂层或表面处理，或同一底材和表面处理但不同涂层被视为无用

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These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related

Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee on Physical Properties of Applied Paint Films.

Current edition approved Aug. 10, 2002. Published October 2002. Originally published as D 3359 – 74. Last previous edition D 3359 – 97.

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Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol . Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol . Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol . Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol .

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Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol .

此测试方法在美国材料与试验协会D01是关于油漆和相关涂层、材料、应用软件和关于油漆涂层的物理性能的权限下进行的。

最新版本在2002年8月10号被认可。2002年10月出版。最初出版是D3359-74，上一个版本是D3359-97。 The limitations of all adhesion methods and the specific limitation of this test method to lower levels of adhesion should be recognized before using it. The intra- and inter-laboratory precision of this test method is similar to other widely-accepted tests for coated substrates (for example, Test Method D 2370 and Test Method D 4060), but this is partly the result of it being insensitive to all but large differences in adhesion. The limited scale of 0 to 5 was selected deliberately to avoid a false impression of being sensitive.

在使用前，应承认所有附着力方法的局限性和这个试验方法对较低级附着力（见）的特殊限制。内部多个实验室所进行的精密度的这种测试方法类似于其他已被广泛接受涂层测试(如测试方法D2370及测试方法D4060),为避免敏感的假象而刻意限定0-5等级范围。 TEST METHOD A—X-CUT TAPE TEST 试验方法A：划X法胶带测试 5. Apparatus and Materials 仪器和材料

Cutting Tool—Sharp razor blade, scalpel, knife or other cutting devices. It is of particular importance that the cutting edges be in good condition. 切削刀具：——锋利的刀片、手术刀、刀或者其他切削设备。

Cutting Guide—Steel or other hard metal straightedge to ensure straight cuts.

引导切割——钢制或其他金属制的直尺或夹具来保证直线切割。

Tape—25-mm .) wide semitransparent pressure sensitive tape7 with an adhesion strength agreed upon by the supplier and the user is needed. Because of the variability in adhesion strength from batch-to-batch and with time, it is essential that tape from the same batch be used when tests are to be run in different laboratories. If this is not possible， the test method should be used only for ranking a series of test coatings.

胶带——经供应商和用户同意的25mm宽的半透明的透明具有粘合力压敏胶粘带。因为粘合力是随着时间和批次不同是变化的，故各个实验室进行测试时所使用的胶带要是同一批次的。如果无法做到这一点，此测试方法应仅适用于一系列涂层测试的排名。 Rubber Eraser, on the end of a pencil. 铅笔一头的橡皮擦

Illumination—A light source is helpful in determining whether the cuts have been made through the film to the substrate.

照明灯源（如手电筒）——当在漆膜与底材之间开有切割时，光源是有很有帮助的。 6. Test Specimens 试样

When this test method is used in the field, the specimen is the coated structure or article on which the adhesion is to be evaluated.

当这个试验方法在实地使用时，被测试的结构或物品上的粘附力都将要被评估。

For laboratory use apply the materials to be tested to panels of the composition and surface conditions on which it is desired to determine the adhesion. 实验室使用申请材料进行试验,通过测试板的成份的和表面情况来评估附着力。

NOTE 3—Applicable test panel description and surface preparation methods are given in Practice D 609 and Practices D 1730 and D 2092.

备注3：——适用的测试板描述和表面处理方法见D 609和D 1730、D 2092。

NOTE 4—Coatings should be applied in accordance with Practice D 823, or as agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.

备注4：——涂层应按照D 823，或者买方和卖方之间所达成的协议。

NOTE 5—If desired or specified, the coated test panels may be subjected to a preliminary exposure such as water immersion, salt spray, or high humidity before conducting the tape test. The conditions and time of exposure will be governed by ultimate coating use or shall be agreed upon between the purchaser and seller.

备注5：——如需要或已列明，规定，涂层测试板在进行测试前可能需先暴露于/ 如：浸在水中，盐雾或高湿度中。浸泡的时间和条件应取决于涂层产品的最终用途或者买方和卖方之间达成的协议。 7. Procedure 程序

Select an area free of blemishes and minor surface imperfections. For tests in the field, ensure that the surface is clean and dry. Extremes in temperature or relative humidity may affect the adhesion of the tape or the coating.

在实地做此试验时，需确保试样涂层表面要清洁干燥。高温和高湿会影响胶带附着力。

7.1.1 For specimens which have been immersed: After immersion, clean and wipe the surface with an appropriate solvent which will not harm the integrity of the coating. Then dry or prepare the surface, or both, as agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller. 根据买方和卖方之间双方达成的协议，对于被浸泡的样件，浸泡完以后用适当的溶剂（不能损害涂层）擦净表面，然后让其干燥

Make two cuts in the film each about 40 mm (1.5 in.) long that intersect near their middle with a smaller angle of between 30 and 45°. When making the incisions, use the straightedge and cut through the coating to the substrate in one steady motion. 用刀具沿直线稳定地切割漆腊至底材，夹角30-45°，划线40mm长，交叉点在线长的中间

Inspect the incisions for reflection of light from the metal substrate to establish that the coating film has been penetrated. If the substrate has not been reached make another X in a different location. Do not attempt to deepen a previous cut as this may affect adhesion along the incision.

用灯光照明查看钢质基底的反射，确定划痕是否到底材，如果没有，在不同位置再划一个X。不要试图加深以前切口的深度，这样可能影响切口处的附着性。

Remove two complete laps of the pressure-sensitive tape from the roll and discard. Remove an additional length at a steady (that is, not jerked) rate and cut a piece about 75 mm (3 in.) long.

除去压敏胶带上面的两圈，然后以稳定的速率拉开胶带，剪下长约75mm胶带。

Place the center of the tape at the intersection of the cuts with the tape running in the same direction as the smaller angles. Smooth the tape into place by finger in the area of the incisions and then rub firmly with the eraser on the end of a pencil. The color under the transparent tape is a useful indication of when good contact has been made.

把胶带中间放在切割处的交叉点上，用手指压平，为了保证胶带与涂层接触良好，再用铅笔顶端的橡皮

擦用力摩平胶带，透过透明胶带析颜色可以帮助我们看出与漆膜接触的状态密实程度

Within 90 ±30 s of application, remove the tape by seizing the free end and pulling it off rapidly (not jerked) back upon itself at as close to an angle of 180° as possible. 在贴上胶带90±30 秒内，扯住胶带悬空的一端，快速地并尽可能确保拉力沿180的方向进行撕离胶带。 Inspect the X-cut area for removal of coating from the substrate or previous coating and rate the adhesion in accordance with the following scale: 按照下列标准进行检查底材涂层脱落的X切口面积情况: 5A No peeling or removal,没有脱皮或脱皮

4A Trace peeling or removal along incisions or at their intersection, 沿刀痕或在其交叉口处有脱皮或脱落的痕迹

3A Jagged removal along incisions up to 1.6 mm (1/16 in.) on either side, 刀痕两边都有缺口状脱落达1.6mm

2A Jagged removal along most of incisions up to 3.2 mm (1/8 in.) on either side, 刀痕两边都有缺口状脱落达3.2mm

1A Removal from most of the area of the X under the tape, 胶带下的X区域内大部分脱落

0A Removal beyond the area of the X. 脱落面各超出X区域。

Repeat the test in two other locations on each test panel. For large structures make sufficient tests to ensure that the adhesion evaluation is representative of the whole surface.

在每个测试板的另外两个地方重复测试。对大型结构需充分试验以保证了粘合力评估以代表整个表面。 After making several cuts examine the cutting edge and, if necessary, remove any flat spots or wire-edge by abrading lightly on a fine oil stone before using again. Discard cutting tools that develop nicks or other defects that tear the film.

切割了几个切口以后，检查切口边，如果需要，使用以前用油石轻微磨擦去除斑点、除尖角 Report 报告

Report the number of tests, their mean and range, and for coating systems, where the failure occurred that is, between first coat and substrate, between first and second coat, etc.

记录试验的数次及相关意思和范围，对于涂层系统，失效发生在哪里，发生在第一个涂层和基体之间，

还是在第一与第二涂层之间。

For field tests report the structure or article tested, the location and the environmental conditions at the time of testing.

实地测试时，报告需注明涂层系统、施工时间、固化情况。

For test panels report the substrate employed, the type of coating, the method of cure, and the environmental conditions at the time of testing.

记录测试板所用的底材，涂层的类型，处理的方法，和试验时的环境情况。

If the adhesion strength of the tape has been determined in accordance with Test Methods D 1000 or D 3330, report the results with the adhesion rating(s). If the adhesion strength of the tape has not been determined, report the specific tape used and its manufacturer. 如果胶带的附着力已确定符合D 1000 或者 D 3330，记录附着力等级的结果。如果胶带附着力大小未确定，记录所使用的胶带细节及其生产厂家。

If the test is performed after immersion, report immersion conditions and method of sample preparation.

如果试验在浸泡以后再进行，记录浸泡的条件和试样准备方法。 9. Precision and Bias 8 精度和偏差

9.1 In an interlaboratory study of this test method in which operators in six laboratories made one adhesion measurement on three panels each of three coatings covering a wide range of adhesion, the within-laboratories standard deviation was found to be and the between-laboratories . Based on these standard deviations, the following criteria should be used for judging the acceptability of results at the 95 % confidence level:

在多个实验室进行的测试方法。操作者在6个实验室内的3个平板上（各涂层上进行一系列附着力测量，做同一个附着力测试。在同一个实验室的标准偏差为,在不同实验室发现偏差为.以这些标准偏差为基础，以下标准应该用来确定结果的可行性有95%的可信度。

9.1.1 Repeatability—Provided adhesion is uniform over a large surface, results obtained by the same operator should be considered suspect if they differ by more than 1 rating unit for two measurements.

重复性：假定在一个大表面的附着力是一致的，同一个操作者两次测量得到的结果差异超过一个单位等级，那麽将被认为是不可信的。

9.1.2 Reproducibility—Two results, each the mean of triplicates, obtained by different operators should be considered suspect if they differ by more than rating units.

再现性：取每个操作者3次测量的均值，如果得到的两个结果超过个单位等级，那麽将被认为是不可信的。

Bias cannot be established for these test methods. 用这些测试方法不能确定偏差。

TEST METHOD B—CROSS-CUT TAPE TEST 测试方法B：划格法胶带测试 10. Apparatus and Materials 器具和材料

Cutting Tool9—Sharp razor blade, scalpel, knife or other cutting device having a cutting edge angle between 15 and 30° that will make either a single cut or several cuts at once. It is of particular importance that the cutting edge or edges be in good condition. 切割刀具：——锋利的刀刃、手术刀、刀或者其他切削设备（刀刃在15-30度之间），切削单个切口或多个切口。切割边缘情况良好是特别重要的。

Cutting Guide—If cuts are made manually (as opposed to a mechanical apparatus) a steel or other hard metal straightedge or template to ensure straight cuts. 切割指南：如果是手动切削，钢制或其他金属制的直尺或夹具来保证直线切割。 Rule—Tempered steel rule graduated in 0.5 mm for measuring individual cuts. 尺子：用刻度为0.5mm间距的尺子 Tape, as described in . 胶带：见

Rubber Eraser, on the end of a pencil. 铅笔一头的橡皮擦

Illumination, as described in . 照明描述见

Magnifying Glass—An illuminated magnifier to be used while making individual cuts and examining the test area. 放大镜——照明放大器。 11. Test Specimens 试样

Test specimens shall be as described in Section 6. It should be noted, however, that multitip cutters10 provide good results only on test areas sufficiently plane that all cutting edges contact the substrate to the same degree. Check for flatness with a straight edge such as that of the tempered steel rule.

试样要求需同第6部分。应当记录，只有当试验区域足够平使切口在同一程度接触底材时，得到好的结

果。

12. Procedure程序

Where required or when agreed upon, subject the specimens to a preliminary test before conducting the tape test (see Note 3). After drying or testing the coating, conduct the tape test at room temperature as defined in Specification D 3924, unless D 3924 standard temperature is required or agreed.

当需要或已达成协议时,进行试验以前样本要经过初步测试（见注3）。经过烘干或涂层检验，按照D3924（如需要或达成协议）中要求的室温进行胶带试验。

12.1.1 For specimens which have been immersed: After immersion, clean and wipe the surface with an appropriate solvent which will not harm the integrity of the coating. Then dry or prepare the surface, or both, as agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller. 根据买方和卖方之间双方达成的协议，对于被浸泡的样件，浸泡完以后用适当的溶剂（不能损害涂层）擦净表面，然后让其干燥

Select an area free of blemishes and minor surface imperfections, place on a firm base, and under the illuminated magnifier, make parallel cuts as follows:

选择一个无瑕疵和表面无小缺陷的区域，平稳地放在照明放大镜下，按如下所示平行切割： 12.2.1 For coatings having a dry film thickness up to and including mils (50 μm) space the cuts 1 mm apart and make eleven cuts unless otherwise agreed upon. 使涂层漆膜表面干燥，包括50um的空间切口距离1mm，有11个切口，或者协商确定。

12.2.2 For coatings having a dry film thickness between mils (50 μm) and 5 mils (125 μm), space the cuts 2 mm apart and make six cuts. For films thicker than 5 mils use Test Method

漆膜厚度 mils (50 μm)-5 mils (125 μm)之间，划6个切口，每个切口间距2mm，涂层漆膜厚度大于5 mils用测试方法A11.

12.2.3 Make all cuts about 20 mm (3.4 in.) long. Cut through the film to the substrate in one steady motion using just sufficient pressure on the cutting tool to have the cutting edge reach the substrate. When making successive single cuts with the aid of a guide, place the guide on the uncut area.

切口长20mm。匀速的切割漆膜，刀刀见铁(直透底材表面)

After making the required cuts brush the film lightly with a soft brush or tissue to remove any detached flakes or ribbons of coatings.

切完切口以后，用软刷子或薄纸轻扫，去除剥落的薄片或剥落的涂层。

Examine the cutting edge and, if necessary, remove any flat spots or wire-edge by abrading lightly on a fine oil tone. Make the additional number of cuts at 90° to and centered on the original cuts.

检查切口边缘，如果需要，使用以前用油石轻微磨擦去除斑点、除尖角；并重复以上操作，以90°角再次平行等数切割漆腊，形成井字格

Brush the area as before and inspect the incisions for reflection of light from the substrate. If the metal has not been reached make another grid in a different location. 像之前一样用刷子轻刷表面，检查切口基底的反射，确定划痕是否到底，如果没有，在另一个地方重新切割。

Remove two complete laps of tape and discard. Remove an additional length at a steady (that is, not jerked) rate and cut a piece about 75 mm (3 in.) long. 除去压敏胶带上面的两圈，然后以稳定的速率拉开胶带，剪下长约75mm胶带。

Place the center of the tape over the grid and in the area of the grid smooth into place by a finger. To ensure good contact with the film rub the tape firmly with the eraser on the end of a pencil. The color under the tape is a useful indication of when good contact has been made.

把胶带中间放在切割处的格子上，用手指压平，为了保证胶带与涂层接触良好，再用铅笔顶端的橡皮擦用力摩平胶带，透过透明胶带析颜色可以帮助我们看出与漆膜接触的状态密实程度

Within 90±30 s of application, remove the tape by seizing the free end and rapidly (not jerked) back upon itself at as close to an angle of 180° as possible.

在贴上胶带90±30 秒内，扯住胶带悬空的一端，快速地并尽可能确保拉力沿180的方向进行撕离胶带 Inspect the grid area for removal of coating from the substrate or from a previous coating using the illuminated magnifier. Rate the adhesion in accordance with the following scale illustrated in Fig. 1:

用照明放大镜检查漆膜，根据脱漆部位与网格区的关系按下列说明评定等级

5B The edges of the cuts are completely smooth; none of the squares of the lattice is detached.

切边非常光滑，没有一个网格方块脱落

4B Small flakes of the coating are detached at intersections; less than 5 % of the area is affected.

在网格切入点，有微小的鳞片状漆膜脱落，影响面积为5%。

3B Small flakes of the coating are detached along edges and at intersections of cuts. The area affected is 5 to 15 % of the lattice.

漆层沿切入点脱落或在网格线的切入点上有部分或全部脱落，影响面积为5%-15%

2B The coating has flaked along the edges and on parts of the squares. The area affected is 15 to 35 % of the lattice.

漆层沿切入点大块脱落或全部脱落或是网格方块部分或全部脱落。影响面积为15-35%

1B The coating has flaked along the edges of cuts in large ribbons and whole squares have detached. The area affected is 35 to 65 % of the lattice.

漆层沿切入点大块脱落或全部脱落或是网格方块部分或全部脱落，影响面积为35-65% 0B Flaking and detachment worse than Grade 1. 剥落离比等级1更严重。

Repeat the test in two other locations on each test panel.

在每个测试面板上，另两个不同的位置重复试验。 13. Report 报告

Report the number of tests, their mean and range, and for coating systems, where the failure occurred, that is, between first coat and substrate, between first and second coat, etc.

报告试验的数量，意义和范围，涂层系统失败发生在哪，第一涂层与底材之间还是第一涂层与第二涂层之间等等。

Report the substrate employed, the type of coating and the method of cure. 报告使用的底材，涂层的类型和处理的方法。

If the adhesion strength has been determined in accordance with Test Methods D 1000 or D 3330, report the results with the adhesion rating(s). If the adhesion strength of the tape has not been determined, report the specific tape used and its manufacturer.

如果附着力已根据测试方法D 1000 或者 D 3330 确定一致 ，记录附着力等级的结果。如果胶带附着力大小未确定，记录所使用的胶带详细细节及其生产厂家。

If the test is performed after immersion, report immersion conditions and method of sample preparation.

如果测试是在在浸泡以后再进行，记录浸泡的条件和测试样品的准备方法。 14. Precision and Bias 8 精度和偏差

On the basis of two interlaboratory tests of this test method in one of which operators in six laboratories made one adhesion measurement on three panels each of three coatings covering a wide range of adhesion and in the other operators in six laboratories made three measurements on two panels each of four different coatings applied over two other coatings, the pooled standard deviations for within and between laboratories were found to be and . Based on these standard deviations, the following criteria should be used for judging the acceptability of results at the 95 % confidence level:

在多个实验室进行的测试方法。操作者在6个实验室的3个平板上的涂层上覆盖一系列附着力，做同一个附着力测试。在两块板上的4个不同涂层试用2个其他的涂层，汇集试验室之间的标准偏差为和。以这些标准偏差为基础，以下标准用来判定结果的可行性有95%的可信度。

14.1.1 Repeatability—Provided adhesion is uniform over a large surface, results obtained by the same operator should be considered suspect if they differ by more than one rating unit for two measurements.

重复性：假定在一个大表面的附着力是一致的，同一个操作者两次测量得到的结果差异超过一个单位等级，那麽将被认为是不可信的。

14.1.2 Reproducibility—Two results, each the mean of duplicates or triplicates, obtained by different operators should be considered suspect if they differ by more than two rating units.

再现性：取不同的操作者3次或2次测量的均值，如果得到的两个结果差异超过2个单位等级，那麽将被认为是不可信的。

Bias cannot be established for these test methods. 不能用这些测试方法确定偏差。 15. Keywords 关键字

adhesion; crosscut adhesion test method; tape; tape adhesion test method; X-cut adhesion test method

附着力、交叉切口附着力试验方法、胶带，胶带附着力试验方法、X切片附着力测试方法 FIG. 1 Classification of Adhesion Test Results 图表1：附着力试验结果的分类 D 3359 – 02

Reproduced by IHS under license with ASTM Licensee=daimlerchyrsler account/01

Not for Resale, 12/09/2005 00:34:54 MST No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS APPENDIX 附录

(Nonmandatory Information) 非强制信息 X1. COMMENTARY 注释 Introduction 介绍

X1.1.1 Given the complexities of the adhesion process, can adhesion be measured? As Mittal (1)12 has pointed out, the answer is both yes and no. It is reasonable to state that at the present time no test exists that can precisely assess the actual physical strength of an adhesive bond. But it can also be said that it is possible to obtain an indication of relative adhesion performance.

鉴于粘附过程的复杂性。附着力能被测量吗？Mittal指出答案既是肯定的又是否定的。其很合理的指出，现阶段没有试验可以确切的评估出物理粘合剂的大小，但是可以认为，是有可能获得相对粘附性能。

X1.1.2 Practical adhesion test methods are generally of two types: “implied” and

“direct.” “Implied” tests include indentation or scribe techniques, rub testing, and wear testing. Criticism of these tests arises when they are used to quantify the strength of adhesive bonding. But this, in fact, is not their purpose. An “implied” test should be used to assess coating performance under actual service conditions. “Direct” measurements, on the other hand, are intended expressly to measure adhesion. Meaningful tests of this type are highly sought after, primarily because the results are expressed by a single discrete quantity, the force required to rupture the coating/substrate bond under

prescribed conditions. Direct tests include the Hesiometer and the Adherometer (2). Common methods which approach the direct tests are peel, lapshear, and tensile tests.

实际应用的测试方法一般有两种：含蓄的和直接的。含蓄方法包括刻痕法或画线法、摩擦试验和磨损试验。当这些试验被用来量化粘附强度时候，关于这些试验的批评就会出现。但实际上这并不是他们的目的。含蓄的试验应当被用来评估实际情况下涂层的性能。另一方面，直接测量用来测量附着力。这些类型试验的重要意义值得探索，主要因为结果是一个离散量，涂层在指定的压力条件下割裂。直接测试包括：常用的接近直接测试方法，剥，剪和拉力测试。 Test Methods 测试方法

X1.2.1 In practice, numerous types of tests have been used to attempt to evaluate adhesion by inducing bond rupture by different modes. Criteria deemed essential for a test to warrant large-scale acceptance are: use of a straightforward and unambiguous

procedure; relevance to its intended application; repeatability and reproducibility; and quantifiability, including a meaningful rating scale for assessing performance.

在实践中，很多的试验方法被用于评估附着力用不同的模式，其中包括附着力破坏。标准认为试验的本质大部分是可被接受的，运用明确的程序，预定相关应用，重复性和在线性，可定量的状态，对于评估性能包括一个有意义的评分表。

X1.2.2 Test methods used for coatings on metals are: peel adhesion or “tape testing;” Gardner impact flexibility testing; and adhesive joint testing including shear (lap joint) and direct tensile (butt joint) testing. These tests do not strictly meet all the criteria listed, but an appealing aspect of these tests is that in most cases the

equipment/instrumentation is readily available or can be obtained at reasonable cost. 用在金属涂层上的测试方法有：附着力的剥落或胶带测试。加德纳影响弹性测试和附着力结合测试，包括剪切力和拉伸试验。这些试验并不是严格的满足所列出的标准，但这些试验是一个有吸引力的方面,在

大多数情况下,设备/仪器是现成或可在合理的成本。

X1.2.3 A wide diversity of tests methods have been developed over the years that measure aspects of adhesion (1-5).

广泛的多样性的测试方法已经被发展多年来测量方面的附着力(1 - 5)。

There generally is difficulty, however, in relating these tests to basic adhesion phenomena. 一般很难，但是和基本的附着力现象有关的。 The Tape Test 胶带试验

X1.3.1 By far the most prevalent test for evaluating coating “adhesion” is the tape-and-peel test, which has been used since the 1930’s. In its simplest version a piece of adhesive tape is pressed against the paint film and the resistance to and degree of film removal observed when the tape is pulled off. Since an intact film with appreciable adhesion is frequently not removed at all, the severity of the test is usually enhanced by cutting into

the film a figure X or a cross hatched pattern, before applying and removing the tape. Adhesion is then rated by comparing film removed against an established rating scale. If an intact film is peeled cleanly by the tape, or if it debonds just by cutting into it without applying tape, then the adhesion is rated simply as poor or very poor, a more precise evaluation of such films not being within the capability of this test.

到目前为止，评估涂层附着力最普遍的试验是胶带——涂层脱落试验，从1930年就开始应用。最简单的胶带测试是在涂层上加压，当胶带被移走以后，观察涂层的抵抗程度。在涂层表面加可评估的附着力，在使用胶带前，在切X槽或者交叉的槽在工件表面。附着力根据评估等级评估。如果完整的涂层被胶带干净的脱落，这样附着力被评定很弱，在这个试验中没有更精确的评估方法。

X1.3.2 The current widely-used version was first published in 1974; two test methods are covered in this standard. Both test methods are used to establish whether the adhesion of a coating to a substrate is at an adequate level; however they do not distinguish between higher levels of adhesion for which more sophisticated methods of measurement are required. Major limitations of the tape test are its low sensitivity, applicability only to coatings of relatively low bond strengths, and non-determination of adhesion to the substrate where failure occurs within a single coat, as when testing primers alone, or within or between

coats in multicoat systems. For multicoat systems where adhesion failure may occur between or within coats, the adhesion of the coating system to the substrate is not determined.

当前广泛运用的版本是1974年第一次出版的。在这个标准中包括两种测试方法。两种方法用来确定涂层对底材的附着力是否足够，但是不能测量那种附着力更精密。胶带测试的局限是低灵敏度，只适用于相对低的附着力。当只用初级试验，不能确定对底材的附着力失效在涂层上，或者在涂层之间。对于多层系统，附着力失效发生在涂层之间或涂层与底材之间是不能确定的。

X1.3.3 Repeatability within one rating unit is generally observed for coatings on metals for both methods, with reproducibility of one to two units. The tape test enjoys Wide spread popularity and is viewed as “simple” as well as low in cost. Applied to metals, it is economical to perform, lends itself to job site application, and most importantly, after decades of use, people feel comfortable with it.

金属涂层在同一级别的重复性有两种方法。两个级别用再现性。胶带试验使用范围很广，被认为是唯一的低成本。适用于金属，很经济，用了十年以后，人们觉得很舒适。

X1.3.4 When a flexible adhesive tape is applied to a coated rigid substrate surface and then removed, the removal process has been described in terms of the “peel phenomenon,” as illustrated in Fig. .

当弹性的胶带粘在刚硬的涂层表面然后再去除，移动的过程已经在剥落现象中描述过，见插图。 X1.3.5 Peeling begins at the “toothed” leading edge (at the right) and proceeds along the

coating adhesive/interface or the coating/substrate interface, depending on the relative bond strengths. It is assumed that coating removal occurs when the tensile force generated along the latter interface, which is a function of the theological properties of the backing and adhesive layer materials, is greater than the bond strength at the

coating-substrate interface (or cohesive strength of the coating). In actuality, however, this force is distributed over a discrete distance (O-A) in Fig. , which relates directly to the properties described, not concentrated at a point (O) in Fig.

剥落从锯齿状的前沿开始，延续到涂层相交处或底材相交处，这要依靠相对附着力的大小。假定当拉力沿着后面的分界面时，涂层表面就要分离，附着力层的材料要比涂层与底材的附着力大。实际上，压力分布在不连续的距离（O-A），见图,图中相对直接地描述性能，没有集中在图中的O点。

as in the theoretical case—though the tensile force is greatest at the origin for both. A significant compressive force arises from the response of the tape backing material to being stretched. Thus both tensile and compressive forces are involved in adhesion tape testing.

在理论中，在两种方法中胶带拉力最初是最大的。当胶带被拉伸时，会产生压力。拉力和压力都被包括在胶带附着力试验中。

X1.3.6 Close scrutiny of the tape test with respect to the nature of the tape employed and certain aspects of the procedure itself reveal several factors, each or any combination of which can dramatically affect the results of the test as discussed

仔细检查胶带测试中与胶带天然性质有关和过程本身的某些方面揭示性质的几个因素，单个或任意组合，可以显着地影响测试作为讨论的结果。

Peel Adhesion Testing on Plastic Substrates 塑料垫片的表皮附着力测试

X1.4.1 Tape tests have been criticized when used for substrates other than metal, such as plastics. 胶带测试已经被排斥当垫片使用的是塑料而不是金属

The central issues are that the test on plastics lacks reproducibility and does not relate to the intended application. 核心问题是，塑料测试缺乏重复性和不 涉及到预期的应用。

Both concerns are well founded: poor precision is a direct result of several factors intrinsic to the materials employed and the procedure itself.

两个关注点都被找到：精度差是使用的材料和过程本身固有的一些因素的直接的结果。

More importantly, in this instance the test is being applied beyond its intended scope. These test methods were designed for relatively ductile coatings applied to metal substrates, not for coatings (often brittle) applied to plastic parts

更重要的是，在这种情况下的适用的测试超出其预定范围。这些测试方法比较适用于金属基体的韧性涂料，不适用涂料（通常脆）及塑料部件的设计

(7). The unique functional requirements of coatings on plastic substrates cause the usual tape tests to be unsatisfactory for measuring adhesion performance in practice.

塑料基板上的涂料的独特功能要求导致通常的胶带测试不能使在实践中测试附着性能令人满意。

The Tape Controversy 有关胶带的争论

X1.5.1 With the withdrawal from commerce of the tape specified originally, 3M No. 710, current test methods no longer identify a specific tape.

从3M 710号最初指定的胶带的取消，目前的测试方法不再确定一个特定的胶带。

Differences in tapes used can lead to different results as small changes in backing stiffness and adhesive rheology cause large changes in the tension area.

使用胶带的差异可以导致不同的结果因为刚度和胶粘剂流变学导致在张力区域的巨大变化。

Some commercial tapes are manufactured to meet minimum standards. 一些商业胶带被生产以满足最低的标准。

A given lot may surpass these standards and thus be suitable for general market distribution; 一个给定的批次可能会超过这些标准，因此是适用于一般市场分布;

however, such a lot may be a source of serious and unexpected error in assessing adhesion. 然而，这样很多在评估附着力方面可能是一个严重和出乎意料的错误

One commercially available tape test kit had included a tape with adhesion strength

variations of up to 50 % claimed by the manufacturer. Also, because tapes change on storage, bond strengths of the tape may change over time

一种市场上可买到的胶带测试装备包括了制造商声称的50%的粘付强度范围。此外，因为胶带上存储的改变，胶带的粘结强度可能随时间而改变

X1.5.2 While there are tapes available that appear to deliver consistent performance, a given tape does not adhere equally well to all coatings.

虽然有胶带可以提供一致的性能，一个给定的胶带不同等的适用所有涂料。

For example, when the peel removal force of the tape (from the coating) used earlier by Task Group D01.23.10 to establish precision of the method, by 3M No. 710 was examined with seven different electromagnetic interference/radio frequency interference (EMI/RFI) coatings, it was found that, while peel was indeed consistent for a given coating, the value varied by 25 % between the highest and lowest ratings among coatings.

例如，当胶带表面剥离去除力（涂层面）使用早期工作组D01.23.10建立精确的方法，由3M710号检测与七个不同的电磁干扰/射频干扰（EMI /RFI）的涂料，它被发现，而剥离确实是一个给定的涂层一致，由25％之间的涂料之间的最高和最低的评分值变化。

Several factors that contribute to these differences include coating composition and

topology: as a result, no single tape is likely to be suitable for testing all coatings. 导致这些差异的几个因素包括涂层的组成和拓扑结构：结果，没有一个单一的胶带适合测试所有涂料。

Further, the tape test does not give an absolute value for the force required for bond

rupture, but serves only as an indicator that some minimum value for bond strength was met or exceeded。

此外，胶带测试不给一个键断裂所需的力的绝对值，但仅作为一些粘结强度的最低值，达到或超过指标。

Procedural Problems 程序问题

X1.6.1 The tape test is operator intensive. By design it was made as simple as possible to perform, and requires a minimum of specialized equipment and materials that must meet certain specifications.

胶带测试是运营商密集。按照设计，它是尽可能简单执行并且需要专门的设备和材料，必须符合最低一定的规范。

The accuracy and precision depend largely upon the skill of the operator and the operator’s ability to perform the test in a consistent manner.

准确性和精度很大程度上取决于运营商和运营商的能力，以一致的方式执行测试的技能。

Key steps that directly reflect the importance of operator skill include the angle and rate of tape removal and the visual assessment of the tested sample. It is not unexpected that different operators might obtain different results

关键步骤直接反映了操作者的技能的重要性，包括胶带的拆卸和视觉评估测试样品的角度和速度。这是意料中事，不同的运营商可能会得到不同的结果

X1.6.2 Peel Angle and Rate: 剥落角度及速率

The standard requires that the free end of the tape be removed rapidly at as close to a 180° angle as possible.

该标准要求在接近180°尽可能迅速，自由端的胶带被揭掉。

If the peel angle and rate vary, the force required to remove the tape can change dramatically.

如果剥离的角度和速度各不相同，取出胶带所需的力可以显着改变。

Nearly linear increases were observed in peel force approaching 100 % as peel angle was changed from 135 to 180, and similar large differences can be expected in peel force as peel rate varies.

近线性增加，剥离力，剥离角度改变，从135到180，和类似的差异较大，可以预计，剥离力，剥离率变化接近100％

These effects are related as they reflect certain rheological properties of the backing and adhesive that are molecular in origin.

这些影响有关，因为它们反映了某些流变性能的粘合剂，是起源于分子和支持。

Variation in pull rate and peel angle can effect large differences in test values and must be minimized to assure reproducibility

在拉率和剥离角的变化可以影响测试值差异较大，必须最小化，以保证可重复性

X1.6.3 Visual Assessment:可视化评定

The final step in the test is visual assessment of the coating removed from the specimen, which is subjective in nature, sothat the coatings can vary among individuals evaluating the same specimen .

在测试的最后一步是去掉涂层的标本，这是在自然界中，充分使用的涂料，可以有所不同评价同一标本的个人主观视觉评价

1.6.3 Performance in the tape test is based on the amount of coating removed compared to a descriptive scale. The exposure of the substrate can be due to factors other than coating adhesion, including that arising from the requirement that the coating be cut (hence the synonym“ cross-hatch adhesion test”). Justification for the cutting step is reasonable as cutting provides a free edge from which peeling can begin without having to overcome the cohesive strength of the coating layer.

胶带测试中的性能的基础上涂布量删除一个描述性的规模相比。基板的暴露可能是由于其他因素，比涂层的附着力，包括从该涂料被削减（因此“交叉开口附着力测试”的代名词）的要求而产生。切割步骤的理由是合理的切割提供了一个自由的边缘脱皮从中可以开始，无需克服了涂层的粘结强度。

1.6.3 Cutting might be suitable for coatings applied to metal substrates, but for coatings applied to plastics or wood, the process can lead to a misleading indication of poor adhesion due to the unique interfacial zone. For coatings on soft substrates, issues

include how deep should this cut penetrate, and is it possible to cut only to the interface? 切割可能适合应用于金属基材的涂料，但应用于塑料或木材涂料，这个过程可以导致误导的附着力差，由于独特的界面区的指示。软性基板上的涂料，问题包括切渗透有多深，它可能只削减到接口？

X1.6.3.3 In general, if adhesion test panels are examined microscopically, it is often clearly evident that the coating removal results from substrate failure at or below the interface, and not from the adhesive failure between the coating and the substrate. Cohesive failure within the coating film is also frequently observed. However, with the tape test, failures within the substrate or coating layers are rare because the tape

adhesive is not usually strong enough to exceed the cohesive strengths of normal substrates and organic coatings. Although some rather brittle coatings may exhibit cohesive failure, the

tape test adhesion method does not make provision for giving failure locality

在一般情况下，如果显微镜检查附着力测试板，它往往是显而易见的，从失败的接口或低于基材涂层去除结果，而不是从涂层与基材之间的粘接失败。内涂膜的凝聚力失败也经常出现。然而，用胶带测试，在基材或涂层的失败是罕见的，因为磁带粘合剂通常没有强大到足以超过正常基板和有机涂层的凝聚力优势。虽然一些比较脆的涂料可能具有凝聚力的失败，胶带测试附着力的方法不提供给失败的地方

X1.6.4 Use of the test method in the field can lead to variation in test results due to temperature and humidity changes and their effect upon tape, coating and substrate.

在该领域的测试方法的使用可以导致由于温度和湿度的变化后，胶带的涂层和基体的在测试结果中的变化。

Conclusion

X1.7.1 All the issues aside, if these test methods are used within the Scope Section and are performed carefully, some in sight into the approximate, relative level of adhesion can be gained.

抛开所有的问题，如果这些测试方法的使用在范围内以及认真执行，一些成近似在眼前，附着力相对水平可以得到。

REFERENCES 参考书目

(1) Mittal, K. L., “Adhesion Measurement: Recent Progress, Unsolved Problems, and Prospects”, “Adhesion Measurement of Thin Films, Thick Films, and Bulk Coatings,”ASTM STP 640, ASTM, 1978, –8. (2) Corcoron, E. M.,“Adhesion,”Chapter , Paint Testing Manual, 13th ed.,ASTM STP 500, ASTM, 1972, pp. 314–332.

(3) Gardner, H. A., and Sward, G. G., Paint Testing Manual, 12th ed.,Chapter 7, Gardner Laboratory, Bethesda, MD, 1962, pp. 159–170.

(4) Mittal, K. L., Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, Vol 1, , 1987, pp. 247–259.

(5) Stoffer, J. O., and Gadodia, S. K., American Paint and Coatings Journal, Vol 70, Nos. 50 and 51, 1991, pp. 36–40 and 36–51,respectively.

(6) Souheng, Wu, Polymer Interface and Adhesion, Marcel Dekker, Inc.,New York, NY, 1982, p. 531. (7) Nelson, G. L., Gray, K. N., and Buckley, S. E., Modern Paint and Coatings, Vol 75, No. 10, 1985, pp. 160–172.

(8) Nelson, G. L., and Gray, K. N., “Coating Adhesion to Plastics,”Proceedings, Waterborne and Higher Solids Coatings Symposium, Vol 13, New Orleans, LA, February 5–7, 1986, pp. 114–131.

(9) K. L. Mittal, ed., “Symposium on Adhesion Aspects of Polymeric Coatings,” Proceedings, The Electrochemical Society, 1981, pp. 569–582.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES 摘要变化

Committee D01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (D 3359 - 97) that may impact the use of this standard.

生产单位委员会选定的地点已经确定改变这一问题,自去年标准(D3359-97)可能影响使用这一标准. (1) Deleted reference to Test Method D 2197 in Referenced Documents section and editorially

changed footnote 10 to avoid confusion with another adhesion test method.

(2) Added 7.1.1, , and to clarify use when testing samples that have been immersed. 删除D2197测试方法,参照上述文件的第10注和编辑修改,以免造成与另一种试验方法的混淆 (二)增加7.1.1,,说明测试样品时使用,一直浸泡.