一、过去分词
1、概念：过去分词是分词的一种。规则动词的过去分词一般是由动词加ed构成，不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表。
2、过去分词变化规则：
规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则： (1)一般动词，在词尾直接加“ed ”。（然而要注意的是，过去分词并不是过去式）work---worked---worked,visit---visited---visited (2)以不发音的“e”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“d ”。 live---lived---lived
(3)以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 \"y\" 变为 \"i\" ，再加“ed ”。
study---studied---studied,cry---cried---cried,try---tried---tried,fry---fried---fried.
(4)重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。stop---stopped---stopped,drop---dropped--dropped 不规则动词，见不规则表
（1）AAA型：即原形、过去式和过去分词三者都相同。（共8个
cost—cost—cost cut—cut—cut hit—hit—hit hurt—hurt—hurt let—let—let put—put—put read—read—read set-set-set （2）ABB型：过去式、过去分词相同。（共42个） 1）．过去式和过去分词都含有 -ought。（4个）
bring—brought—brought buy—bought—bought think—thought—thought fight—fought—fought 2）．词尾有-ild，-end时，只需把d变为t。（4个）
build—built—built lend—lent— lent send—sent—sent spend—spent— spent 3）．过去式、过去分词都含有 -aught。（2个）
catch—caught—caught teach—taught—taught 4）．把-eep、-eel变为-ept、-elt。（4个）
keep—kept—kept sleep—slept—slept sweep— swept—swept feel—felt— felt
5）．把-ell变为-old。（2个）
tell—told—told sell—sold—sold 6）．把-ell、-ill变为-elt或-ilt。（2个）
smell—smelt—smelt spell—spelt—spelt 7）．把-eed、-ead、-eet变为-ed或-et。（3个）
feed—fed—fed lead—led—led meet—met—met 8）．过去式、过去分词都在原形词尾加t。（4个）
learn—learnt—learnt mean—meant—meant burn—burnt—burnt dream—dreamt—dreamt
9）．过去式、过去分词词尾去y变-id（4个）
say—said—said pay—paid—paid lay—laid—laid hear—heard—heard 10）．改变元音字母。（9个）
meet—met—met feed—fed—fed get—got—got sit—sat—sat find—found—found hold—held—held win—won—won lose—lost—lost stick—stuck—stuck 11）．改变辅音字母。（4个）
make—made—made build—built—built send—sent—sent spend—spent—spent
12）．改变元、辅音字母。（4个）
leave—left—left stand—stood—stood have/has—had—had understand—understood—understood
（3）ABC型：原形、过去式、过去分词都不相同。（共39个） 1）．i—a—u变化。（5个）
begin—began—begun drink—drank—drunk
sing— sang—sung ring—rang—rung swim—swam—swum 2）．词尾为-ow，-aw时，过去式将其变为-ew，过去分词在其原形后加n。（5个） blow—blew—blown draw—drew—drawn grow— grew—grown know—knew—known throw—threw—thrown
3）．词尾为“i+辅（1个）+e”，过去式将i变为o，过去分词多在原形后加n，若那个辅音字母为d或t，须双写d或t后加n。（4个） rise—rose—risen
4）．过去分词在过去式后加n。（2个）
wake—woke—woken speak-spoke-spoken 5）．过去分词由过去式加-ten构成。（2个）
get-got-gotten/got forget—forgot—forgotten 6）．过去分词由原形加（e）n构成。（6个）
be—was（were）—been eat—ate—eaten fall—fell—fallen give—gave—given see—saw—seen hide—hid—hidden（hid） 7）．词尾为-ake时，过去式将其变为-ook，过去分词在原形词后加-n。（3个）
take—took—taken mistake—mistook—mistaken shake—shook—shaken 8）．原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同。（6个）
do—did—done fly—flew—flown go—went—gone lie—lay—lain show—showed—shown wear—wore—worn 9）．词尾为-eak时，过去式将其变为-oke，过去分词在过去式后加-n。（2个） break—broke—broken speak—spoke—spoken
10）．词中间为“oo+辅（1个）+e”或“ee+辅（1个）+e”，过去式将oo、ee变为o，过去分词在过去式后加-n。（1个）
choose—chose—chosen
（4）AAB型：过去式和原形相同。（1个） beat—beat—beaten
（5）ABA型：过去分词和原形相同。（共3个） 1）.词中间为“o+辅+e”时，过去式将o变为a。（2个） come—came—come become—became—become 2）.u—a—u变化。（1个） run— ran—run （6）情态动词型
(除must)只有原形和过去式，没有过去分词。（共4个）
can—could may—might will—would shall—should must 既没有过去式也没有过去分词
二、现在完成时
1、概念：现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，也可表示过去已经开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态。
Eg：They have left. --他们已经离开了,也就是说现在他们人不在这里
drive—drove—driven write—wrote—written ride— rode—ridden
Eg：He has learned English since 2001. -从2001年开始学的,现在还在继续学着呢 2、基本结构 ：现在完成时的构成形式： have /has (助动词)+done(过去分词) Eg：I/You/They/We have talked . He/She has talked. （1）现在完成时的肯定句：主语+have/ has +过去分词 Eg：Susan has already finished her homework.
（2）现在完成时的否定句：主语+have / has+ not + 过去分词
I/You/They/We haven’t(have not) talked . He/She hasn’t(has not) talked. （3）现在完成时的一般疑问句：Have / Has + 主语 + 过去分词 Have I/You/They/We talked . Has he/she talked.
肯定的简略回答是：Yes，主语＋have/has.，否定的简略回答是：No，主语＋have/has not.。 Eg：I have seen the film. →Have you seen the film？ Yes， I have./No， I haven’t. （4）现在完成时的特殊疑问句：疑问词 + have / has + 主语 + 过去分词 Eg：How many times has he been to England ? 他去过英国几次？ 3、.现在完成时的时间状语:
for+一段时间（时间段），since+时间点或时间状语从句（自从），so far (到目前为止，迄今为止), ever（曾经）, never（从来不）, just（刚刚）, yet（还，已经）， till now（到现在为止）, until now, up to now（直到现在）, in the past two years\\months(在过去的两年里\\数月), the last few years(近几年里), already（已经）, recently（最近）, lately（最近）, once（一次），twice(两次),three times（三次）等等 4、现在完成时的用法
（1）表示开始于过去的动作刚刚结束
Eg：We have already finished the work. 我们已经完成了这项工作。 （2）发生在过去的动作对现在所造成的影响或产生的结果。 Eg：Charlie has broken his left leg. 查理摔断了左腿。
（3）表示过去已经开始并持续到现在的动作或状态，或有可能继续延续下去。 Eg：I have lived in Shanghai since I was ten years old. 我从十岁起就住在上海。
（4）表示从过去到现在曾经历过的事。
Eg：I have read the book three times. 这本书我看了三遍。 5．一般过去时与现在完成时的区别
1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；
现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是结果、影响。 I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了。）
I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。） 2）一般过去时常与具体的表示过去的时间状语连用;
现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语: yesterday, last week，…ago, in1990, in October, just now-- 具体的过去时间状语 现在完成时的时间状语: for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in the past few years, recently, --模糊的时间状语 6、延续动词与非延续性动词
（1）非延续动词（瞬间动词、终止性动词）：表示的动作有一个终点，到了终点就不能再延续。因此，在现在完成时中，这种动词不能与表示延续的时间状语连用。在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用，如：two years ago; at 5 o'clock;
常用的瞬间动词：arrive 、begin、 borrow、 buy、 come、 die、 go、 join、 leave、 lose、 marry、 stop Eg：I’ve left Shanghai for 3 days.(×) I’ve been away from Shanghai for 3 days. (∨)
注意：如果现在完成时的谓语动词是终止性动词的否定式，则一般可以和表示一段时间的短语连用。因为终止性动词的这种否定式已变成一种可以延续的状态。
（2）延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。延续性动词可以与表示时间段的状语连用。
表示时间段的短语有: for+一段时间:for 2 years; since从句,since he came here; since+时间点名词,since last year, since 5 days ago; how long; for a long time等。 延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换
leave --- be away buy --- have join?→be in begin/start --- be on die --- be dead finish --- be over fall ill ---? be ill get up---be up
catch a cold --- have a cold come here --- be here go there --- be there become --- be come back --- be back fall asleep --- be asleep get to/ arrive/reach --- be (in) leave --- be away from
go (get) out →be out put on→ wear go →be there get up→be up?????? borrow?/ lend→keep 三、过去完成时
1、概念：表示在过去的过去已经发生或完成了的动作或状态。即过去的过去。 2、结构：had + 过去分词
3、时间状语：（1）和already just ever yet等连用，表示过去的过去。 Eg：He told me his team had already won.他告诉我他们队已经赢了。
Eg：I heard that the predident had just arrived here. 我听说院长刚刚到达。
（2）过去完成时与by then（截止到那时）， by 9 o’clock（直到9点之前）， by the end of -----（在-----末之前）
by the time-----（在----时之前）， up till then （直到那时）， up till last night（直到昨晚）
Eg：By the end of 2007 many buildings had been built in the city.截止到2007年底，在这所城市盖起了许多新的建筑。
Eg：By the time he came here he had been a famous doctor.他到这儿之前已经是很有名的医生了。
（3）与when , before, after, as soon as , till, until等引导的时间状语从句连用，强调动作发生的时间前后。 Eg：When she got home, her childern had slept. 她到家时她的孩子们已经入睡了。
Eg: When she had finished her job, she went to sleep. 当她把所有的事情做完之后，她睡觉去了。
现在完成时专项习题
一、单项选择
1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _________what's happened to him . Ａ. knew Ｂ. have known Ｃ. must know Ｄ.will know 2、He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ?
Ａ. already Ｂ.never Ｃ.ever Ｄ. still 3、Have you met Mr Li ______？
Ａ. just Ｂ. ago Ｃ.before Ｄ. a moment ago 4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year .
Ａ. is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written 5、—Our country ______ a lot so far . —Yes . I hope it will be even ______ .
Ａ. has changed ; well Ｂ. changed ; good Ｃ. has changed ; better Ｄ. changed ; better 6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .
Ａ. was ; studying Ｂ. will ; study Ｃ. has ; studied Ｄ. are ; studying 7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .
Ａ. know Ｂ. had known Ｃ. have known Ｄ. knew 8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice .
Ａ. will see Ｂ. have seen Ｃ. saw Ｄ.see 9、By the time I got to the cinema, the movie________for ten minutes. A. had begun B. had been on C. has started D.has been on
10、—______ you ___ your homework yet ? —Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .
Ａ. Did ; do ; finished Ｂ. Have ; done ; finished Ｃ. Have ; done ; have finished Ｄ. will ; do ; finish
11、 His father ______ the Party since 1978 .
Ａ. joined Ｂ. has joined Ｃ. was in Ｄ. has been in 12、—Do you know him well ? — Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago . Ａ. were Ｂ. have been Ｃ. have become Ｄ. have made 13、—How long have you ____ here ? —About two months .
Ａ. been Ｂ. gone Ｃ. come Ｄ. arrived 14、Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes .
Ａ. has begun Ｂ. had begun Ｃ. has been on Ｄ. began 15、By the end of last month, I________all the CDs of Justin Bieber.
A. collect B. collected C. have collected D. had collected 16、 Miss Green isn't in the office . she_______ to the library . Ａ.has gone Ｂ. went Ｃ.will go Ｄ. has been 17、My parents ______ Shandong for ten years .
Ａ. have been in Ｂ. have been to Ｃ. have gone to Ｄ. have been 18、The meeting ___________by the time I got there yesterday.
A. was on B. has been on C. had begun D. has begun
19、 has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he to China? A. How soon, comes B. How often, got C. How long, came D. How far, arrived 20、 His uncle for more than 9 years.
A. has come here B. has started to work C. has lived there D. has left the university
21、I_______ a letter from him since he left．
A．didn't receive B．haven't got C．didn't have D．haven't heard 22．Our school is having a sports meeting. Someone _____ here already. A. arrived B. have arrived C. has arrived 23．How long have you _______ this book？
A．bought B．borrowed C．had D．lent 24．—Where's Peter？ —He _______ to Nanjing．
A．is going B．has been C．has gone D．went 25．Sam came to Baihai in 2002. He __________ here for nine years. A. lives B. was living C. has lived D. will live 26．We have lived here _______ five years ago．
A．when B．since C．before D．after 27．—I have watched the game． —When ________you _______ it
A．have；watched B．do；watch C．did；watch D．will；watch 28．—How do you like Beijing，Mr Black？ —Oh，I _______ such a beautiful city． A．don't visit B．didn't visit C．haven't visited D．hadn't visited 29．The old people _______ lonely at all since we began to visit them once a week． A．don't feel B．hasn't felt C．haven't felt D．didn't feel
30．My grandfather_______ in the small town all his life．He always says he likes the town． A．lived B．have lived C．has lived D．is living 31．Miss Brown _______ to the Great Wall twice．
A．have been B．has been C．have gone D．has gone 32．His brother has been to Stone Forest twice _______ he came to Yunnan． A．after B．before C．since D．for 33．His grandpa _______ for two years．
A．was died B．has been dead C．was dead D．has died
34．—Have you ever_______ to Haikou？ —Yes，I_______ there with my family last August． A．gone；went B．been；went C．been；went to D．been；was in 35．His sister _______ her hometown for three years． She'll return next year．
A．left B．has left C．has been away D．has been away from 36. How long have you _______ here?
A. come B. got C. arrived D been 37. My grandpa died _________.
A. at the age of my 2 B. for 2 years C when I was 2. D. my age was 6. 38. Jane has _____ to BeiJing. She will come back tomorrow.
A. been B. gone C. went D. never been
39.--Who will go to the station to meet Lorry? --I will. I _____ her several times. A. met B. have met C. had met D. will meet
40. --What a nice dress! How long _____ you _____ it? --Just 2 weeks.
A. will, buy B. did, buy C. are, having D. have, had
41.--Do you know Lydia very well? --Yes, She and I _____ friends since we were very young. A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have turned 42. The Smiths _______ in China for 8 years.
A. has lived B. lived C. have been D. live
43. --Hello, this is Mr. Green speaking. Can I speak to Mr. Black?-- Sorry. He ______ the Bainiao Park. A. has been to B has gone to C. went to D. will go to 44. --____ you ever ____ to the US? -- Yes, twice.
A. Have, gone B. Have, been C, Do, go D. were, going
45. —Dad, I ________ the station for minutes, but nobody came to meet me. —Don’t worry. I’ll go to meet you soon.
A. arrived at B. have been at C. will reach
46. —________ you ever _________ Dali? —Never. But I am going there this vacation. A. Do…go to B. Have…been to C. Have…gone to D. Will…go to 47. My aunt is a writer. She ____ more than ten books since 1980. A. writes B. wrote C. has written D. will write 48. Echo _____ for half a month. She’ll come hack in two months.
A. left B leave C. has left D. has been away 49.The Smiths came to Shanghai in 2008,they__ there for three years since then. A. live B. lived C. have lived D. will live
50. — Have you ever been to Nanning? — Yes, _______ . A. I was B. I do C. I am D. I have 51. I my homework, I guess I can't join you.\\ A. don't finish B. didn't finish C. haven't finished D. won't finish
52. —Excuse me, where is Mr. Brown's office?—Sorry, I don't know. I _____ here for only a few days. A. work B. worked C. have worked D. will work 53.—Where is Bob? —He ______to Harbin for a meeting. A. went B. has been C. has gone
54. — Are you going to the bank, Laura? —No, I ______ to the bank already. A. have been B. have gone C. am going D. had been
55. ----Oh, you are here. I’m looking for you all the morning. ？----To the library.
A. Where have you gone B. Where will you go C. Where are you going D. Where have you been?
56. —May I speak to Miss Wang?—Sorry. She isn’t in. She __________ to Hong Kong. A. has been B. has gone C. goes D.went
57. My grandmother ______ a lot of changes in Tianjin since she came here.
A．sees B. can see C. will see D. has seen 58．I many new friends since I came here．
A．make B．made C．will make D．have made
59. Mrs. Weng came back from France in 2010. She _____ there for four years. A. works B. worked C. has worked
60. \"Where's your brother, Jane?\" \"He's not in Guiyang these days. He________ Beijing.'
A. has gone to B. has been to C. had been to 61. She _______ this book for nearly three weeks.
A. has borrowed B. has lent C. has bought D. has kept 62. They _____ England and they will be back next week.
A. have gone to B. have been to C. have gone in D. has been on 63. He_______ in this city since his family moved to Nanchong. A. live B. lived C. has lived
64. Some students in Shanghai e-bags for several months.
A. have B. have had C. had D. will have
65.—Is Mr. Smith still in Shanghai? —Yes, he ______ there for two months. A. has been B. has gone C. has been to D. has gone to 66. My brother and I _____ in Yinchuan since 1997.
A. had lived B. have lived C. live D. will live
67. My pen pal said he would write to me, but I ___ any letters from him so far.
A. won’t receive B. haven’t received C. hadn’t received D. didn’t receive 68. Our country ______the sixth population census(人口普查) already. A. finished B. has finished C. will finish D. finishes 69.Thomas ______ the army for two years, so he misses his mother very much. A. has joined B. has taken part in C. has been in
70.—How well do you know the Opera House?—I know the place very well. I ____ Sydney many times. A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to D. have arrived in 71.A:How clean the bedroom is! B: Yes, I am sure that someone it. A. cleans B. cleaned C. has cleaned D. had cleaned
72.— Where is Ben? — He ____ to the teachers’ office. He will be back soon.
A. go B. has gone C. has been 73. I ______my hometown for a long time, I really miss it! A. left B. went away from C. have left D. have been away from
74. —Will you please go to see the movie Guanyinshan with me?—No, I won’t. I ______ already. A. saw B. have seen C. see D. will see 75. －Where is John? －He ______ the science lab. A. has gone to B. has been to C. went to
76. — How do you like your English teacher? — He is great. We friends since three years ago. A. were B. have made C. have been D. have become
77. Lanmon ______ here for almost ten years and he has many Chinese friends. A. has been B. left C. has come D. came
78. - Jim isn’t in the classroom. Where is he？- He _____ to the teacher’s office. A. will go B. has gone C. had gone D. is going
79.British Prince William(威廉王子) and Kate _____ for nearly two months.
A. married B. have married C. have been married D. have got married 80. Jim _________ in Zhuzhou since he finished his college.
A. works B. is working C. has worked
81. —May I speak to Lin Tao?—Sorry, he is not in. He ______ to Changsha. A. has been B. has gone C. went
82. He promised to pick me up at the school gate. However. he __ yet. A. didn't arrive B. doesn't arrive C. isn't arriving D. hasn't arrived 83. —China develops so fast. —That’s true. It ______ a lot already.
A. changes B. changed C. will change D. has changed 84. You are too late. The film ______ since half an hour ago.
A.has begun B. has been on C. began
85. ---- Why won’t you go to the movie with me, Gina?- --- Because I it twice. A. see B. have seen C. saw D. will see 86. -Where's your father, Tom? -He__ to Changsha. A. goes B. went C. has gone
87.- Where is my sister, mum? - She ______ to the library. She will be back soon.
A. has been B. is going C. has gone D. will go
88.—May I speak to Mary? —Sorry, she isn’t in. She to Japan and will come back in two weeks. A. has been B. has gone C. is going
89. —Are Li Yan and Wang Mei still living in Pingba? —No, they ____ to Shanghai.
A. had moved B. moved C. will move D. have moved 90. Mr. Fan ___ this watch in 2005. he ____ it for 6 years.
A .bought, has had B. bought, has C. has bought, has had D. has bought, had 91. Mr. White came to our school in 2008, and since then he us English.
A. teaches B. taught C. has taught D. will teach 92. I won’t go to the concert because I _________my ticket. A. lost B. don’t lose C. have lost D. is lost
93._______you _______the text yet? Yes, we_________it two hours ago.
A. Did----copy----did B.Have---copied---have C. Have---copied---did D.Did---copy---had 94.You____me waiting for two hours. I ______for you since five.
A. kept----waited B.have kept----waited C.kept---have waited D.have kept----have waited.
答案
1——5 BBADC 6——10 CCBBB 11——15 DBACD 16——20 AACCC 21——25 BCCCC 26——30 BCBBD 31——35 BCBBD 36——40DCBBD 41——45 CCBBB 46——50 BCDCD 51——55CCCAD 56——60BDDCA 61——65DACBA 66——70 BBBCB 71——75CBDBA 76——80CABCC 81——85 BDDBB 86——90CCBDA 91——94CCCD
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