Text comprehension: ⅠC Ⅱ
1.F 2.F 3. T 4.F Ⅲ
1. The answer to this question can be found in the first paragraph , in which the author implies that for Mayblum the WTC was a symbol of power---- for its height and steadiness, and the force of storms was actually nothing to the WTC
2.The author means that the survival of the people inside the WTC would simply depend on their locations , i.e. where they were at that moment .
3.Refer to Paragraph 9,13,19,and29 .Ramos went to help the panicked workers into a stairwell(on the 78th floor),helped the heavyset man down one more flight to an elevator (on the 53rd floor),and reassured the man he would be staying with him (on the 36th floor).
4.They helped the heavyset man 17floors down the building .They met him on 53rd floor and their attempt to descend ended on the 36th floor.
5.The sentence implies that Ramos ‘s wife refused to believe that Ramos did not make it out of the building.
Ⅳ 1.On that morning thousands of people in the WTC were thrown ,all of a sudden into a condition of terrible suffering and uncertainty. Mayblum was one of them.
2. It seemed that the tremendous sound of the collapse of the South Tower destroyed the man’s hope of climbing down the remaining stairs ,and thus took away his remaining energy. Vocabulary Ⅰ1.burning 2. something ,a situation of a circumstance ,that is dependent on one’s location in the building
3. in an intermittent manner 4. help you 5. Things are satisfactory up to this point.
Ⅱ1. scoffed 2. dilemma 3. collapsed 4.pandemonium 5. reassuring 6. rumble 7. glancing at 8.meet up with Ⅲ
1.panicky 2. descends/descended 3. enjoyable 4.expectation 5.morality 6. persuasion 7. strong 8.energetic ⅣA/D/C/B/D/C/A/D Ⅴ
1. amoral /nonmoral 2. disappear 3. wildly 4. uncover /disclose /reveal 5.dissuade 6.happily/joyfully/joyously 7. ordinary/common 8. small /thin /slender
Ⅵ1. helpful / helpless 2. childish /childlike/childless 3. active 4. persistent 5. revolutionary 6. successful 7.womanly 8.ladylike Grammar Ⅰ
1.would 2.would 3.used to would 4. used to 5.used to 6. used to 7.would 8.would 9.used to 10.would would would Ⅱ
1. used to travel 2.was not used to accepting 3. was not used to receiving 4. used to think 5. used to living 6. used to say 7. didn’t use to eat 8.am not used to driving
Ⅲ 1. insistence 2. habitual action 3. probability 4. willingness 6. probability 7. improbability 8.
capability Ⅳ
1. could would might might should might 2.could /would should could might could would 3.should should would would could
Ⅴ 1.needn’t have carried 2.needn’t have bought 3. didn’t need to tell 4. needn’t have had 5.need’t have stood 6. didn’t need to hurry 7. didn’t need to open 8. didn’t need to take 9.needn’t have washed 10.didn’t need to work Ⅵ略 Translation
1. 对有些人来说，生死攸关的是她们所在的位置------不仅仅是哪幢楼，哪一层，更重要的事大楼的哪个角落
2. 周围噪声震耳，烟雾弥漫，火星四溅，美布勒姆没有意识到，他的朋友朱宏始终就在他身后的楼梯井里。
3. 她一点一点地拼出了哈里逃生的场景：飞机撞击时，他正在第87层楼
4. 但是，尽管她绞尽了脑汁，问了无数问题，他拼出的场景还是在第36层上逐渐模糊了。 1. Thanks to modern technology , the film about that ancient battle gives the audience the illusion of being on the battlefield themselves.
2. That ancient city was devastated by the fire ,but fortunately the stone tablet survived
3. The videotape and the story by the woman filled them with sympathy for the child who had become an orphan in the earthquake
4. In that earthquake , we heard many stories of teachers who had refused to leave their student behind and laid down their lives.
5. The construction of the Yu Yuan Garden began in 1558, but it was not completed until 1578 because building went off and on for lack of money .
6. In 1980 ,when I met up with her ,she had just returned from abroad with a master’s degree. 7. It was my first visit to New York , but I managed to find my way to the little firm,. 8. It is hard to make it to the top in the movie industry ,but as a director Xie Jin did it .
Unit 2
Text comprehension I. C
II. 1 F; 2 F; 3 F; 4 T; 5 T. III.
1. worshiping youth and fearing growing old. To delay the effects of aging with cosmetics and physical exercises.
2. three. Less concern for one’s appearance; less uncertainty about the unknowns in the future; surer self-identity.
3. feel uncertain about what will happen to them and what they should do.
4. use contrast structure “Being young means…/ It means…” and “I …now/ I no longer…”
5. The writer learns the significance that the newer (younger) is not necessarily better, and she can be happier than before as she grows older. IV.
1. Women are less capable of resisting the temptation of fashion than men.
2. make friends with different people in order to find a new identity for yourself.
Structural analysis of the text 1. see III 2.
2. Paragraph 3: the last sentence; Paragraph 4: the second sentence; Paragraph 5: the first sentence.
Section Four Consolidation Activities Part one. Vocabulary Analysis I. Phrase practice
1. are apt to= are likely to 易于……，有……的倾向
e.g. Infants are apt to put their hands into their mouths. 婴儿爱把手往嘴里塞。
2. fall apart= break up / disintegrate
3. in general= as a whole 通常，大体上；总的来说，从总体上看
e.g. In general, this company’s products are very reliable. 这家公司的产品通常是很可靠的。 In general, this paper is a bit difficult for these students to finish in an hour. 总的来说，让学生在一个小时内完成这份试卷有些困难。
4. at the mercy of= powerless against; completely controlled by 对……为力；任……处置，任由……摆布
e.g. Some people are born with the belief that they are masters of their own lives. Others feel they are at the mercy of fate. 有些人天生相信自己是生命的主宰，另一些人则觉得他们受到命运的支配。
I don’t want to put myself at the mercy of others. 我不希望任由他人摆布。
5. no wonder= not surprising / only too natural 不足为奇，并不奇怪
e.g. It is no wonder that it is so wet in the south. 南方这么潮湿，并不奇怪。
No wonder you’re so tired, you’ve worked three hours without a break. 难怪你这么累，你已经连续工作了三个小时。
It is no wonder that he failed his final exam. 他没能通过期末考试，这是不足为怪的。 II.
1. delay; 2. Feverishly; 3. façade; 4. confronted; 5. premise; 6. dreaded; 7. automatically; 8. awaiting.
III. Word derivation
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.
1. She has got this obsessive (obsess) fear of losing control, so she never shows her emotions.
2. People under a lot of stress at work will often experience moodiness (mood), irritability and a loss of confidence.
3. They wanted a tolerable (tolerate) existence — more food, better shelter, and peace.
4. In the end, the company and its investors came to a mutually beneficial (benefit) arrangement. 5. Working with the mentally handicapped can be a satisfying (satisfy) and rewarding experience. 6. Frogs can search for food underwater, hidden (hide) from birds of prey.
7. When I asked her about where she wanted the meeting to be held, she didn’t express any particular preference (prefer).
8. The committee has made four specific criticisms (critical) of the government’s transportation policy.
1. obsess v. （使）牵挂，（使）惦念，（使）着迷 obsessed a. 着迷的
obsession n. 困扰，沉迷，着魔
obsessive a. 着迷的，强迫性的，分神的
e.g. 爱丽丝被一个她刚刚认识的男孩迷住了。 Alice was obsessed by a boy she has just met.
他一直想要找到他的父亲，但是最近这变成了一种狂热。
He’s always wanted to find his father but recently it’s become an obsession.
2. mood n. 心情，情绪
moody a. 易怒的，喜怒无常的，情绪化的 moodiness n. 忧郁
e.g. 我每个星期日情绪都很坏。 I am always in a bad mood on Sunday. 我的妻子在医院里心情不好。 My wife is moody at the hospital. 3. tolerate v. 容忍，忍受 tolerable a. 可容忍的
tolerant a. 宽容的，容忍的 e.g. 她能忍受寒冷的天气。 She can tolerate the cold days.
这种炎热的天气在夜晚可以忍受。 The heat was tolerable at night.
4. benefit n. 利益；津贴
beneficial a. 有益的，有利的 beneficiary n. 受惠者，受益人
e.g. 这项工程对每个人都大有好处。 This project is of great benefit to everyone. 新鲜空气有益于健康。
Fresh air is beneficial to our health. 她的丈夫是她遗嘱的主要受益人。
Her husband is the chief beneficiary of her will.
5. satisfy v. 使满意，满足 satisfaction n. 满意
satisfactory a. 令人满意的
e.g. 观赏一幅美丽的图画使人心满意足。
Looking at a beautiful painting always gives one satisfaction. 她对现状根本不满意。
She is not at all satisfied with the present situation.
6. hide v. 隐藏，隐瞒 hiding n. 隐藏，躲藏
hidden a. 隐藏的，秘密的
e.g. 她设法不表露自己的感情。 She tried to hide her feelings.
正在追赶藏匿起来的杀人犯。
The police are following a murderer who’s in hiding.
7. prefer v. 较喜欢；宁可
preferable a. 更好的，更合意的 preference n. 偏爱，优先，喜爱物 preferential a. 优先的；优惠的 e.g. 我更喜欢牛奶，而不是咖啡. I prefer milk to coffee.
我父亲感到在乡村生活比在城市生活要好些。
My father finds country life preferable to living in the city. 对于求职者，我们优先考虑有一定经验的人。
In considering people for jobs, we give preference to those with some experience. 8. critical a. 批评的；决定性的，关键的 critic n. 批评家，评论家 criticism n. 批评，评论 criticize v. 批评；非难
e.g. 他的行为招致尖锐的批评。
His behavior called forth sharp criticism. 他批评了我的冒险活动。 He criticized my taking risks. IV.
1. C; 2. D; 3. A; 4. A; 5. B; 6. D; 7. C; 8. B.
V. Synonym / Antonym
Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used. 1. Advertisements convince us to buy Grecian Formula and Oil of Olay so we can hide the gray in our hair.
Synonym: conceal, disguise
2. My legs were too heavy, my shoulders too broad, my waist too big. Antonym: narrow
3. Their contentment holds out great promise for me as I move into the next — perhaps even better — phase of my life.
Synonym: satisfaction, happiness, joy
4. The Virtues of Growing Older Synonym: merits, advantages
5. My rounded figure seems fine, and I don’t deny myself a slice of pecan pie if I feel in the mood. Synonym: fat, plump
6. Dave lifted weights, took megadoses of vitamins and drank a half-dozen milk shakes a day in order to turn his wiry adolescent frame into some muscular ideal. Synonym: well-built
7. The two of us enjoy wearing fashionable clothes, but we are no longer slaves to style. Antonym: old-fashioned, outdated
8. Obviously, I still have important choices to make about my life, but I have already made many of the critical decisions that confront those just starting out. Synonym: clearly, evidently
VI. Prefix
Write in each space one word that has the same prefix as underlined in each given word. 1. preface prepare 5. periphery perimeter 2. prologue progress 6. dialogue diameter 3. foresight foresee 7. semifinal semiconductor 4. paralysis parallel 8. devaluate decelerate
1. Explanation:
pre- : before someone or something
e.g. prewar, precondition, precaution, prediction 2. Explanation: pro- : before
e.g. proceed, procession, provision 3. Explanation:
fore- : before or in the front of
e.g. foreword, foretell, forecast, forehead 4. Explanation:
para- :on one side
e.g. paragraph, parallel 5. Explanation:
per- : surrounding
e.g. periodic, period
6. Explanation:
dia- : pass through between sth.
e.g. dialectic, diagram, diagnosis 7. Explanation:
semi-: half or partly
e.g. semicircle, semi-final, semi-skilled 8. Explanation: de-: reduce
e.g. declass, degrade, deduce
Part Two Grammar Exercises 1. concrete nouns & abstract nouns
Concrete nouns are words we use for people, places, or things that we can observe with at least one of our five senses. The abstract class is the opposite — we can never experience these nouns according to our senses.
While this distinction is sometimes useful, the boundary between concrete and abstract is not always clear. Some nouns can be used as uncountable nouns when they refer to a thing in general and countable nouns when they refer to a particular instance of it, consider, for example, the noun art, which usually refers to a concept:
e. g. Art is an important element of human culture.
But it can refer to a specific artwork in certain contexts: e.g. I put my daughter’s art up on the fridge. This is the problem of context within sentences.
I. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate forms of the nouns given. 1. agony. 2. agonies. 3. experience. 4. experiences. 5. youth. 6. a youth.
7. My children are __a great help__ to me. (great, help)
8. The boy had __a good knowledge__ of mathematics. (good, knowledge) 9. a gray hair
10. He is looking for __work__. (work)
II. 1 A; 2 B; 3 D; 4 C; 5 A; 6 B; 7 B; 8 C.
III. a lot of; a little; some; a few; A; some; some; a lot of; X. many; X; a lot of.
2. quantifiers & determiners (every, each, everyone, every one, all) Each and every have similar but not always identical meanings. each = every one separately
every = each, all
Sometimes, each and every have the same meaning: e. g. Prices go up each year. Prices go up every year.
But often they are not exactly the same.
Each expresses the idea of “one by one”. It emphasizes individuality. e. g. Each artist sees things differently.
Every is half-way between each and all. It sees things or people as singular, but in a group or in general.
e. g. Every soldier saluted as the President arrived. Each can be used in front of the verb: e. g. The soldiers each received a medal. Each can be followed by “of”:
e. g. The President spoke to each of the soldiers.
Every cannot be used for two things while each can: e. g. He was carrying a suitcase in each hand.
Every is used to say how often something happens: e. g. There is a plane to Bangkok every day.
Everyone means “everybody” and is used when you want to refer to all the people in a group: e. g. Everyone in my family likes spaghetti.
But if you’re referring to the individuals who make up a group, then the phrase is every one. “Each and every one” you should never substitute everyone, for everyone as singular or plural: e.g. We wish each and every one of you a Merry Christmas.
All is more often used with plural verb forms, though sometimes it is used with singular verbs. However, if we wish to specify the things or people under discussion, we can use all or all of with nouns and pronouns and the correspondingly correct singular or plural verb forms. e. g. Has all (of) the cake been eaten?
Have all (of) the presents been distributed?
All of us are going to Sam’s party next week. We’re all going.
IV. Complete the following with every, each, everyone, every one or all.
1. all; Every one; Every.
A: He had eaten _______ the biscuits. B: What? _____________? A: __________ single one.
2. The pavement on ________ side was crowded with neat smiling people. each; 3. Every; 4. each;
5. Everyone. The girl is very popular. ____________ likes her. 6. Each;
7. everyone; everyone; 8. Each.
3. dangling participles
Dangling participles is a participle that is not grammatically linked to the word it is intended to
modify. In “Driving down the street, the house came into view,” “driving” is a dangling participle. Though they are not rare in speech, dangling participles are avoided in formal writing because of the possibility of misunderstanding.
e. g. The burglar was about 30 years old, white, 5′10″, with wavy hair weighing about 150 pounds.
If properly installed, you shouldn’t be able to open the door without first pressing the safety button.
V. Correct errors in the following sentences.
1. When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the roots. you must take care
2. Though received late at night, he started to work on the document immediately. Though he received the document … work on it….
3. Falling … we thought…. ------ When he fell
4. Reading the letter a second time, the meaning becomes clearer. When you read
5. what he meant became clear to me ------- I became clear about what he meant
6. Shining in the sky we saw the first star. We saw the first star shining in the sky.
7. The teacher walked behind the kids eating their lunches. who were eating
8. While cleaning his gun, it went off unexpectedly. he was cleaning VI.
1. As long as…
As long as you are healthy, nothing can devastate you.
2. Obviously…
Obviously, enlarging your vocabulary is essential.
3. neither…nor…
Neither poverty nor failure frustrated the industrious student.
Part Three I.
1．许多中年人去健身房锻炼，到街上跑步，为的是延缓衰老。
2．青年人最不稳定的因素就是，他们对价值观、人生目标和梦想还犹豫不定。
3．镇上开会我可以大胆发言，在商店里购物我也敢投诉，因为我不再害怕人们会笑我，也不再渴望人人都喜欢我。
4．我不再因为自己个性方面的缺陷责怪父母，也不会对他们在养育我的过程中所犯的种种过失耿耿于怀。
II. Translation exercises
1. 如今很多爱慕虚荣的年轻人，尽管还不富裕，但却迷上了漂亮的小汽车。（vain, be obsessed with） Translation:
Many vain young people are obsessed with fancy cars despite the fact that they are not yet rich enough to afford them. Practice:
被工作迷了心窍的人和酒鬼、吸毒者或惯赌都一样瘾头很大。
The man who is obsessed with his job is just as hooked as the alcoholic, the junkie, or the compulsive gambler.
你们这一代可能会因为感情关系的频繁变化而产生困扰。
Your generation may seem to be obsessed with relationships that change continually.
2．当他的婚外恋被妻子发现后，他们的婚姻终于破裂了。（affair, fall apart）
Their marriage finally fell apart when his affair with another woman was found out by his wife. 3．那位艺术家为了获得创作的灵感，在农村住了三年，放弃了生活上的许多享受。(inspiration, deny oneself something)
For artistic inspiration, the artist lived in the country for three years, where he denied himself many comforts of life.
4．我不知道明天去崇明岛的远足活动能不能成行，因为这要取决于会不会下雨。(excursion, at the mercy of)
I’m not sure if we can have the excursion to Chongming Island tomorrow. It is at the mercy of the weather.
5．他早年到日本学医，回国后却改变了主意，一辈子从事文学创作。(pursue)
When he was young he went to Japan to learn medicine, but after he returned to China he changed his mind and pursued a career as a writer all his life. 6．她最近和足以做她父亲的老头好上了，这使她父母感到非常丢脸。（take up with, disgrace） Translation:
She’s taken up with a man old enough to be her father, which is a disgrace to her parents. Practice:
她的父母很不明白她为什么会和一个失业的男演员交往。
Her parents could not understand why she had taken up with an unemployed actor.
有名望有权势的男人似乎对“保姆型”的女人情有独钟，如秘书、助手和乘务员等等。
Powerful men seem to take up with the young women whose job was to tend to them and care for them in some way: their secretaries, assistants, flight attendants, etc.
7．1978年以来，我国经济发展神速，相比之下，一些发达国家的经济反而滑坡了。（witness,
contrast） Translation:
Since 1978, our economy has witnessed a rapid development; in contrast that of some developed countries has declined. Practice:
谢谢你和我分享中国的故事，我会再来中国见证她的变化。
Thanks for talking and sharing China’s story with me. I will return to China and witness all its happenings.
“十一”之前我肯定能回到中国，我个人也愿意见证中国的欢腾时刻。
I am sure to come back to China before October 1st. Personally I would like to witness the important gala of China.
8．地震切断了这个城市和外界的联系。人们的食品供应也许捱不过冬天了。（hold out） Translation:
The earthquake isolated this city from other areas. I’m afraid their food supplies will not hold out through the winter. Practice:
如果供给品充裕的话，我们将在此继续露营一个星期。 If our supplies hold out, we will camp here for another week.
那位飞行员说，因为缺乏燃料，他只能再坚持一小时，然后就不得不把飞机降落在水面上。 The pilot said he could hold out for another hour before he would have to ditch the plane because of lack of fuel.
VI Writing Practice Paragraph development — the topic sentence
A topic sentence is a statement of the controlling idea that the rest of the paragraph clarifies, exemplifies, or supports. It is usually the most general statement of the paragraph but meanwhile specific enough so that it can be fully developed in a single paragraph. A good topic sentence promises what is to come.
A good topic sentence has three characteristics: it includes a topic and a controlling idea; it is limited; and it lends itself to development.
Exercise 1. Write a topic sentence to sum up the following details. Set A
1. Denver, Colorado, is named for James Denver, a soldier and administrator of the Western frontier.
2. Mississippi’s capital Jackson is named after the seventh President of the United States.
3. Cleveland, Ohio’s largest city, gets its name from Moses Cleveland, a man who invested a lot of money in the area.
Topic sentence: Many American cities are named after important people who are or were locally or nationally famous. Set B
Topic sentence: Happiness means different things to different people.
Exercise 2. For each of the following two paragraphs, the topic sentence has been taken out. Read them carefully and work out for each paragraph a topic sentence that you think can hold all the following details together.
A. The problem isn’t that there’s no interest in teaching. I constantly meet young people who’ve graduated from colleges and have signed up for teaching in some of the country’s toughest urban public schools. They are strongly interested in helping those so-called difficult kids. They find the work extraordinarily rewarding; the kids they teach benefit from their creativity and enthusiasm. But by the end of two years, most have either changed careers or moved to suburban schools — a consequence of low pay, a lack of support from the educational bureaucracy, and an overwhelming feeling of isolation, but never because of the lack of interest in teaching.
B. It means paying teachers what they’re worth. There’s no reason why an experienced, highly qualified, and effective teacher shouldn’t earn $100,000 annually at the peak of his or her career. Highly skilled teachers in such critical fields as math and science — as well as those willing to teach in the toughest urban schools — should be paid even more.
Unit3
Text comprehension I. C
II. 1. F; 2. T; 3. F; 4. T; 5. F. III.
1. Paragraph 4: She fled 逃往from Germany to Belgium to escape fascism 法西斯主义; then moved to Paris, surviving the occupation 侵略占领时期by placing German subtitles 字幕on French films.
2. Anne is an independent and honest lady.
3. Paragraph 10: Anne assured her husband that he’d done the right thing. This means she appreciated his decision.
4. Paragraph 8: she could endure difficulties in the hardest time but she couldn’t tolerate her husband’s complaints and feeling sorry for himself.自我难过/自责/自惭形秽.
5. Paragraph 12: She believes in tough love, and doesn’t let him just lie around but forces him to overcome his troubles. IV.
1. But I also made some effort to adjust myself. 2. …because I am sometimes too proud of myself. Structural analysis
Chronological account (Paragraph 1—2) – (Paragraph 8) –(Paragraph 14).
Flashback (Paragraph 3—4) –(Paragraph 5—7) –(Paragraph 9—10) –(Paragraph 11—13)
Chronological account (1—2) –Flashback (3—4) –(5—7) –Chronological account (8) –Flashback (9—10) –(11—13) –Chronological account (14). Section Four Consolidation Activities Part one. Vocabulary I. Phrase
1. tie the knot = get married
2. given that = if one takes into account that 考虑到，假定
3. then and there = at that time and place, esp. without any delay 当场，当时当地 4. in the midst of = when 在……之中，当……的时候 5. set … apart = distinguish 使分离，区别 II.
1. wrapped up; 2. fatal; 3. fluent; 4. has undergone; 5. stretch out; 6. financed; 7. consequences; 8. neighbourhood.
III. Word derivation
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.
1. The principal would be less insistent (insist) on kids wearing school uniforms if the school had to pay for them.
2. It’s so depressing (depress) the way no one seems to care what’s happening to this country. 3. I really miss my mother. My only consolation (console) is that her suffering was not prolonged. 4. The progressive Chinese intellectuals in the early days of the 20th century drew much of their inspiration (inspire) from the revolutionary ideas flooding out of Europe at that time. 5. Three people were killed in a head-on collision (collide) between a bus and a car. 6. Much progress has been made in the diagnosis (diagnostic) of genetic disease.
7. Then suddenly, despite all their assurance (assure) they broke the agreement and signed a deal with a rival company.
8. A heavy concentration of the drug may produce dizziness or even unconsciousness (unconscious).
1. insist (v.) 坚持；强调
insistence n. 坚持，坚决主张；强调 insistent a. 坚持的
2. depress v. 使沮丧；降低，压下；压抑 depressed a. 沮丧的；降低的；不景气的 depressing a. 令人沮丧的 depression n. 沮丧；萧条 3. console v. 安慰，慰藉 consolation n. 安慰，慰藉
consolatory a. 慰问的，可慰藉的
4. inspire v. 使……感动；激发；煽动 inspiration n. 灵感，启示
inspiring a. 令人振奋的，激励人的，鼓舞人心的 5. collide v. 碰撞，互撞；抵触 collision n. 碰撞，冲突
6. diagnose v. 判断，诊断（疾病） diagnostic a. 特征的；诊断的 diagnosis n. 诊断
7. assure v. 使确信，使放心；确保 assurance n. 保证；确信，肯定；自信 assured a. 确实的，保障的；有自信的 8. unconscious a. 失去知觉的
unconsciously ad. 无意识地，不知不觉地
unconsciousness n. 无意识，意识不清，失去知觉 IV.
1. A; 2. B; 3. C; 4. D; 5. C; 6. D; 7. A; 8. D. V. Synonym / Antonym
Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used. 1. My Stroke of Luck Synonym: fortune
2. At dinner with friends, she’d set a place for me as if it were the most natural thing in the world to eat lying on the couch. Antonym: unnatural, artificial
3. Noel and I survived, but the men in the plane died instantly. Synonym: immediately
4. Anne has such good judgment and intuition, she rarely makes a wrong decision. Synonym: seldom, hardly
5. When we went out, Anne would put me in the rear of the station wagon, where I could stretch out.
Synonym: back
6. In L.A., I could get the best care for my spinal injury and start seeing psychiatrists for my very real “survivor’s guilt”. Antonym: innocence
7. Born in Hanover, Germany, she fled to Belgium to escape fascism as a teenager. Synonym: escaped
8. After our first meeting, I called to invite her to supper at Tour d’Argent, one of Paris’s best restaurants, with fantastic views of the Seine. Synonym: marvelous, wonderful, terrific 4 Prefix / Suffix
Write in each space one word that has the same stem as underlined in each given word. 1. intend pretend 2. implicit explicit 3. occur recur 4. transfer refer 5. admit commit 6. reject inject 7. express depress 8. conform reform Part two Grammar Exercises 1. Negation and inversion
Inversion involves putting an auxiliary verb before the subject of a clause. In formal English, it is quite common to use inversion after negative adverbial expressions and restrictive words such as only, never, hardly, little and seldom.
e. g. At no time did he get permission for what he was doing. Not until the next morning did she realize how serious it was. Only later did they learn his terrible secret.
Hardly had we walked in the door when the phone started ringing.
In some negative sentences, “not” is to negate the predicates in form, but actually it is used to negate other elements of those negative sentences. Therefore, while translating, we should transfer the negation in some cases.
e. g. Every man cannot be a scientist.
A high executive does not have a large vocabulary merely because of the opportunities of his position.
A negative may be transferred from a certain part of the sentence to another in translation. e. g. We don’t believe that our mother tongue is inferior to any other language in the world. I don’t think Father will fancy living an idle life like that. I.
Change each sentence into a negative with the given word. 1. I hope it will rain. (not) I hope it will not rain.
2. She has seldom been so successful before. Seldom has she been so successful before. 3. You will find gold in Iceland. (nowhere) Nowhere in Iceland will you find gold.
4. Donald had never imagined that this strange incident would help him to find a job. Never had Donald imagined that this strange incident would help him to find a job. 5. He had scarcely any time to pack his suitcase. Scarcely had he any time to pack his suitcase.
6. In no circumstances must you tell him this secret.
7. We rarely get more than three consecutive days of hot weather in summer. Rarely do we get more than three consecutive days of hot weather in summer. 8. I had ever worked hard as I did yesterday. (hardly) I had hardly ever worked as hard as I did yesterday. Hardly had I ever worked as hard as I did yesterday. II.
1. 无爱之人不可能真正幸福。 2．人人皆有过失。
3．闪光的并非都是金子。 4．这些都不是白做的。
5．我不明白他为什么不在这儿。 6．能不做的事她决不会做。 7．我认为他没说真话。 8．玛丽只求安宁。 2. Unit noun
There are a number of nouns in English which can be used with mass nouns to indicate units that you can count after all. Some of the other unit nouns have more restricted collocations: they combine with certain nouns but not with others. Here are a few examples: a slice of cake a loaf of bread a lump of sugar
a pinch or grain of salt a stroke of luck
Complete each sentence with an appropriate expression of quantity from the box below. an ear of a blade of a litter of a head of a lump of a piece of a flash of a herd of 1. The teacher wrote the words with ___a piece of_____ chalk. 2. a lump of
3. There wasn’t ___an ear of____ corn left in the vegetable garden. 4. a flash of 5. a head of 6. a blade of 7. a herd of
8. Tom found __a litter of__ five pups in the backyard. 3. as … as, as vs. like
“As … as” is used as comparative subordinating conjunctions to join two clauses. e. g. The house was as large as two put together. The coat of paint is not as fresh as it used to be.
“Like” (when used to mean “similar to”) is a preposition. “As” (when used to mean “in the same manner”) is a conjunction. Prepositions govern nouns, pronouns, and words used as nouns. Conjunctions join clauses. e. g. Do as I say! He eats like a pig.
When used as a preposition, “as” means “in the position of, in the form of”. e. g. Dad dressed up as Santa Claus.
Insert as or like as appropriate in each sentence.
1. In 1939, ___as___ in 1941, there was a great surge of patriotic feeling. 2. as; 3. like; 4. like; 5. as; 6. like; 7. like; 8. like; 9. as; 10. as. V. VI. 1. as if: 2. After all:
Part three. Translation exercises I.
1．1995年我中风后情绪低落，常常有自杀的念头，她又一次救了我。
2．安妮帮助我度过了一些最困难的时刻，这可不是件容易的事，因为我有时候是个自负的演员。
3．在我刚刚摆脱死神，还沉浸在劫后痛苦中的时候，她一直安慰我，但她不能容忍我自怨自艾——她把这个看得很重。
4．她通过帮助别人——如和病友们谈心，交流她的经验，与六位癌症康复者一起建立了妇女癌症研究会——和癌症作斗争，并且彻底康复了。 II.
1. 那些粉丝在雨中苦苦等了足足两个小时，这位“超女”才到达。（show up） Translation:
The fans waited anxiously in the rain for two hours before the “super girl” finally showed up.
Practice:
令我百思不解的是他们为什么没有出现。 What puzzles me is why they didn’t show up.
一月份举行的首届美国电影学院大奖被戏称为“逃兵奖”，因为该奖项的17名得主中有11名没有出席颁奖典礼。
The first American Film Institute Awards ceremony, held in January, was instantly dubbed the “MIA awards” because 11 of the 17 winners didn’t show up. 2. 他们恋爱八年，经历了种种苦难，才终成良缘。（go through） Translation:
They have been in love for eight years, and they went through many agonies before they finally got married. Practice:
所有产品在整个生产过程中都必须通过五道质量检查关。
All products have to go through five quality checks in the whole manufacturing process. 为了正义事业赴汤蹈火，在所不辞。
I wouldn’t hesitate to go through fire and water for the just cause.
3．I was upset by the loss of my wallet, but I could only console myself—it coiuld have been worse. What if I had lost my passport at the airport?
4．Given his age and inexperience / Given that he was young and inexperienced, his performance in his first movie was excellent.
5．经理每次出差都授权助理代理他的事务，因为公司业务不容拖延。（authorize） Translation:
Every time he left on business, the manager would authorize his assistant to act for him, as the business of the company couldn’t wait. Practice:
地方批准建造一个新机场。
The local government authorized the construction of a new airport.
根据需要授权或协助特别行政区作出适当安排。
The Central People’s Government shall, if necessary, authorize or assist the government of the Special Administrative Region to make appropriate arrangements.
6．The poor old man did not have much to eat but he kept healthy because he believed in the benefit of doing exercise.
7．Of all the ancient civilizations, only that of China has endured through the ages and is still full of vitality.
8．和许多其他作家一样，这位青年作家主要叙写爱情这个永恒的主题，他的出众之处在于他对中国农村生活的深刻体验。（focus, set apart） Translation:
Like many other writers, this young writer focuses on the eternal theme of love. What sets him apart from others is his keen observations of rural life in China. Practice:
这个方案区别于其他方案的原因在于它有可行性。 What sets this proposal apart from others is its feasibility.
在这次选美比赛中，她的美貌、优雅和机智都比其他参赛选手略胜一筹。
In this beauty contest, her beauty, grace and wits all set her apart from other contestants.
VI Writing Practice
Paragraph development — Illustration
Explanation and illustration are two of the most basic devices we employ to develop a paragraph based on a topic sentence.
Explanation, illustrative numbers, statistics, or examples used in a writing helps the writer: ·to explain the idea, concept, or term that is new to the general reader ·to put new meanings into a seemingly old concept ·to make his argument effective and convincing ·to help the readers understand what has led up to the current scene, situation, or result
Exercises: Write two separate paragraphs respectively based on the following two topic sentences with explanation and illustrative examples.
1. Violence is destroying the sport of soccer in China. Ideas for reference:
A football player’s leg was broken by his rival. Players attack each other.
Stars hurt people in pubs and on the street.
They promote the sales of newspapers but alienate people from the sport. Sample:
Violence is destroying the sport of soccer in China. Just a few months ago, one of the country’s top football clubs lost its best striker, a player from Honduras. He had been in only less than half a season in China before his left leg was so severely and “skillfully” broken by his rival in an otherwise dull match that he was sent back to his own country to recover. Almost every other week, players are seen on live TV kicking, punching, or spitting on each other, or even worse, the referee. Off field, China’s football players are also violently active. Now and then, stories of some star attacking people in pubs late at night, or on the street in broad daylight, make newspaper headlines. They promote the sales of newspapers but alienate more and more people from the sport. It has lost most of its audience. The number of TV viewers regularly watching live broadcasting of football matches has been decreasing. Sponsors are worried. They do not want to burn money for this bloody sport.
2. College students should have more (less) time of their own. Ideas for reference:
a lot of assignments from different courses desire to probe into territories outside majors need to discover more about ourselves want to go deep into the real world Sample:
College students should have more time of their own. Last week, my Reading class teacher required us to read a 300-page novel; my Communicative English course teacher asked us to prepare a short play within three days; the professor who teaches us grammar told us that a test would be given on all the three new units of this semester; and, as the last straw, the composition teacher expressed his opinion that, in order to improve our writing skill, we should “write something” every day and she expected us to complete a 200-word essay during the weekend. All these conscientious and responsible teachers seem to think that they are just helping us. Apparently it never occurs to them that we college students should have more time of our own to
do a lot of other things as well as school assignments. Yes, I am an English major, but that does not mean I have already made up my mind about my future career path. I want to have time to discover about other fields of knowledge. Likewise, students of other majors might also desire to probe into territories outside their own special branch of learning. And that takes time. In addition, we also need to discover more about ourselves: what we have a passion for, what we would really hate to do, where our strengths really lie, which section of the future job market would offer the best opportunities. Lastly, we need time to play, to make friends, to go deep into the real world outside our classrooms. If we are always buried in our teachers’ assignments, we will lose so much and, in the end, lose ourselves.
Unit4
Text comprehension
I. B II. 1. T; 2. F; 3. T; 4. T; 5. T. III.
1. “snail mail”.
2. “an essential stepping stone on the road to success”.
3. “the profound relationship between language and culture that lies at the heart of society”. 4. “the means to shape our views of the world”.
5. “to negotiate the boundaries between languages and to compromise in translation”.
6. “to use linguistic skills, to think differently, to enter into another culture’s mentality and to shape language accordingly”. IV.
1. with convenient ways to reach any part of the world.
2. It seems that everyone is able to always get in touch with anyone else if he or she can afford to. 3. is the most important to society.
4. a fundamental skill in today’s world, where different cultures interact. 5. are finding ways to interrelate different cultures. Structural analysis of the text
1. The last sentence of the 3rd paragraph: “Most fundamental is the profound relationship between language and culture that lies at the heart of society and one that we overlook at our peril.”
2. Paragraph 4: The lack of an exact counterpart of the English word “homesickness” in other languages such as Italian, Portuguese, and German.
Paragraph 5: The problem of untranslatability which the early Bible translators encountered.
Paragraph 6: English and Welsh speakers make adjustments regarding the color spectrum in the grey / green / blue / brown range; The word “democracy” means completely different things in different contexts; the flat breads of Central Asia are a long way away from Mother’s Pride white sliced toasties, yet the word “bread” has to serve for both. Part One. Vocabulary Analysis I. Phrase practice
1. provided =as long as 假如，倘若
need never be out of touch =can never fail to be reached 从不会失去联系 2. regardless of =no matter 不管，不顾
3. overlook at our peril =fail to notice at great risk 忽视……的危险或风险
4. hovers somewhere in and around all those words =may be described by these words to varying degrees
5. hit the problem of untranslatability head-on = were directly confronted with the problem that something in one language cannot be rendered into another II.
1. stepping stone; 2. at their peril; 3. serve; 4. mentality; 5. staple; 6. facilitating; 7. messaging; 8. hybrid.
III. Word derivation
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.
1. The country is trying to move from a centrally planned economy (economic) to one basically geared to the needs of the market.
2. There are no good roads in the area, so most of the ranches are only accessible (access) by jeep or other off-road vehicles.
3. The two approaches are so fundamentally (fundamental) different that it is surprising that they have both been successful.
4. They spent much time comforting the homesick (homesickness) children at the beginning of the summer camp.
5. We are looking for an experienced journalist to join the news teams. The salary is negotiable (negotiate).
6. The amount of any of these ingredients can be adjusted (adjustment) according to your taste. 7. The remoteness (remote) of the house was the only thing that made them hesitate about buying it.
8. He parked the car and smiled at her, complacently (complacent) assuming he had passed the test.
1. economic a. 经济学的；经济的；有利可图的 economical a. 节俭的；经济的，合算的 economics n. 经济学 economist n. 经济学家 economy n. 节约；经济 2. access n. 通道，入口
accessible a. 可得到的；易接近的，可进入的 accessibility n. 可以得到；易接近
3. fundamental a. 基本的，根本的；重要的 fundamentalism n. 原教旨主义
fundamentalist n. 信奉正统派教的人 fundamentally ad. 从根本上；基本地 4. homesick a. 想家的
homesickness n. 乡愁，思乡病 5. negotiate v. 谈判，协商，交涉 negotiable a. 可磋商的，可协商的 negotiation n. 谈判，协商 negotiator n. 磋商者，交涉者 6. adjust v. 调整，调节；使适应 adjustable a. 可调整的
adjustment n. 调整
7. remote a. 偏僻的，遥远的，远程的 remoteness n. 远离，远隔，偏僻
8. complacent a. 满足的，自满的，得意的
complacently ad. 满足地，自满地，沾沾自喜地 complacency n. 自满，沾沾自喜 IV.
1. D; 2. C; 3. A; 4. D; 5. B; 6. A; 7. B; 8. C. V. Synonym / Antonym
Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used. 1. We live in an age of easy access to the rest of the world. Synonym: time, era, epoch
2. Conferences and business meetings around the globe are held in English, regardless of whether anyone present is a native English speaker. Synonym: meetings
3. English has simply become the language that facilitates communication, and for many people learning English is an essential stepping stone on the road to success. Synonym: basic, fundamental
4. Different cultures are not simply groups of people who label the world differently; languages give us the means to shape our views of the world and languages are different from one another. Antonym: misshape
5. Inevitably, the spread of English means that millions of people are adding another language to their own and are learning how to negotiate cultural and linguistic differences. Synonym: unavoidably
6. Why does the rise of English as a global language cause feelings of uneasiness for some of us? Synonym: worry, concern, anxiety
7. But even as more people become multilingual, so native English speakers are losing out, for they are becoming ever more monolingual, and hence increasingly unaware of the differences between cultures that languages reveal. Antonym: hide, conceal 4 Prefix
Write in each space one word that has the same prefix as underlined in the given word. 1. unreliable unbelievable 2. impatient imperfect
3. disapproval disagreement 4. mistake misplace 5. maltreat malfunction 6.enrich enable 7. surmount surpass 8.subordinate submarine 1. Explanation:
un- : not or the opposite of e.g. unable, unhappy, unknown 2. Explanation:
in- / il- / im- / ir- : not or the opposite of e.g. impolite, infinite, illogical, irrelevance 3. Explanation:
dis- : not or the opposite of
e.g. dishonest, disadvantage, disappear 4. Explanation: mis- : bad or wrong
e.g. misinterpret, misbehavior, mischance, misconceive 5. Explanation:
mal- : bad or not correct
e.g. malpractice, malodorous, malformation 6. Explanation:
en- / em- : to cause to be; to put into the thing or condition mentioned e.g. encase, empower, enlarge, embolden, enchant 7. Explanation: sur- : beyond
e.g. surcharge, surplus, surprise, surmise 8. Explanation:
sub- : less than; under or below
e.g. subdivision, subconscious, subcontinent, subculture Part Two. Grammar Exercises
1. the simple present and the present progressive
Simple present is used for activities that are long-lasting habits.
Present progressive is used for activities that occur at the moment of speaking activities.
The present continuous with words such as “always” or “constantly” expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens. e. g. She is always coming to class late.
He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.
Speakers use the present continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future.
e. g. I am not going to the party tonight. Is he visiting his parents next weekend?
I. Complete the following sentences with the correct verb forms.
1. She’s a dietician — she __helps__ (help) people to choose the right food. 2. hope; are enjoying; sunbathe; go; are going. 3. is being.
4. The professor ____is typing____ (type) his own letters while his secretary is ill. 5. am not eating.
6. I __am reading___ (read) an interesting book at the moment. I’ll lend it to you when I’ve finished it.
7. are always leaving.
8. go; belongs; wants; is using. 9. is boiling.
10. is putting; is rewiring; is building.
II.
1. is passing = passes; is shooting = shoots. 2. OK.
3. are crying. 4. OK.
5. am knowing = know. 6. am gathering = gather. 7. work = am working.
8. do =are; sneeze = sneezing. III.
thank; are dispatching; regret; have; are contacting; hear; enclose/are enclosing; decide; have; are listed; regret; hope; enclose/are enclosing. IV.
1. a. The speaker is complaining; b. The speaker gives a fact. 2. a. am considering; b. have the opinion.
3. a. It suggests a permanent nature; b. It suggests a temporary behaviour. 4. a. is taking care of; b. have no objection to. 5. a. am waiting for; b. believe. 6. a. am waiting for; b. believe. 2. Position of adjectives
Unlike adverbs, which often seem capable of popping up almost anywhere in a sentence, adjectives nearly always appear immediately before the noun or noun phrase that they modify. Sometimes they appear in a string of adjectives, and when they do, they appear in a set order according to category.
The categories in the following table can be described as follows: A. Determiners — articles and other limiters.
B. Observation — postdeterminers and limiter adjectives (e.g. a real hero, a perfect idiot) and adjectives subject to subjective measure (e.g. beautiful, interesting)
C. Size and Shape — adjectives subject to objective measure (e.g. wealthy, large, round) D. Age — adjectives denoting age (e.g. young, old, new, ancient) E. Color — adjectives denoting color (e.g. red, black, pale)
F. Origin — denominal adjectives denoting source of noun (e.g. French, American, Canadian) G. Material — denominal adjectives denoting what something is made of (e.g. woolen, metallic, wooden)
F. Qualifier — final limiter, often regarded as part of the noun (e.g. rocking chair, hunting cabin, passenger car, book cover)
Rewrite the following descriptions putting the adjectives in the correct order. 1. a large pair of red woolen socks 2. a white car German new powerful a powerful new white German car
3. a small grey rectangular Japanese radio 4. a concrete modern office building big a big modern concrete office building
5. a medium size French stainless steel saucepan
6. a superb medieval rose-shaped stained-glass window 7. a prominent red triangular road sign 8. a dog black and tiny Chinese white a tiny black and white Chinese dog VI. given that…
Part Three Translation exercises I.
1. 因此，你也许会问，为什么还有人会对这些绝妙的发展顾虑重重？为什么英语成为世界语言会让一部分人惴惴不安？
2．不同的文化并不仅仅是给世界贴上不同标签的人群；语言给了我们塑造世界观的工具，而语言又是不一样的。
3．当千百万人在学习文化沟通的时候，英语国家却越来越沾沾自喜，以为懂得英语就足够了，因而削减了外语课程。
4．最能推动这一进程的不一定是那些掌握了最新技术、拥有最先进手机的人，而是那些能够理解众多不同语言的言内之意、言下之意以及言外之意的人。 II．
1．Children may swim here provided that they are accompanied by adults.
2．This American journalist made a fool of himself over his remarks about China, because he’s been out of touch with what’s been happening in the country in the past three decades.
3．Every person has the right to education, regardless of his or her family background, sex and age.
4．因特网的发明尽管造成了一些问题，但是却极大地方便了我们生活中几乎所有方面，包括教育、医疗和贸易等。（facilitate）
The invention of the Internet, despite the fact that it has given rise to some problems, has greatly facilitated almost every aspect of our life, including education, medicine, and business.
5．您计划出国度假的时候，千万不要忽略购买旅行保险；否则万一发生什么意外，您也许会有很大的麻烦。（overlook）
Never overlook your travel insurance when you are planning to spend your holiday abroad; otherwise you might find yourself in great trouble if any accident should occur.
6．在那部电影里，那个亿万富翁面临着两难选择——和妻子离婚，让她分走他半个金融帝国，或者冒着被警方发现的危险把她谋杀掉。（faced with）
In the movie that billionaire was faced with a dilemma — either divorces his wife, who would then carve out half of his financial empire, or murders her at the risk of being found out by the police.
7．As the husband lost his job in the financial crisis, the new couple had to cut down on a lot of things—furniture, clothes, records, books, and so on.
8．三十多年前，刚刚结束，告诉全国人民：中国唯一的出路就是改革开放。（lie in）
Over thirty years ago, right after the Cultural Revolution, Deng Xiaoping told the people that the only way out lay in reform and opening up to the outside world. IV Exercises for integrated skills 1. Dictation
The main reason for the widespread demand for English / is its present-day importance as a world language. / Besides serving the infinite needs of its native speakers, / English is a language / in
which some of the most important works in science, technology, and other fields are being produced, / and not always by native speakers. / It is a language of wider communication for a number of developing countries, / especially former British colonies. / Many of these countries have multi-lingual populations / and need a language for internal communication / in such matters as government, commerce, industry, law and education / as well as for international communication / and for access to the scientific and technological developments in the West. 2. Cloze
Languages are marvelously complex and wonderfully complicated organs of culture: they embody the quickest and the most efficient means of communicating within their respective culture. To learn a foreign language is to learn (1) another culture. In the words of a poet and philosopher, “As (2) many languages as one speaks, so many lives one lives.” A culture and its (3) language are as inseparable as brain and body; (4) while one is part of the other, neither can function (5) without the other. In learning a foreign language, the best (6) beginning is with the non-verbal linguistic elements of the language, its (7) gestures, its body language. Eye contact is extremely important in English. Direct eye contact (8) leads to understanding, or, as the English maxim has it, seeing eye-to-eye. We can (9) never see eye-to-eye with a native speaker of English (10) until we have learned to look directly into his eyes. VI Writing Practice
Paragraph development — Comparison and Contrast
Comparison-and-contrast is a method of development that will essentially compare and / or contrast. Comparison brings similar things together for examination, to see how they are alike. Contrast, on the contrary, emphasizes their differences.
There are three major ways to organize a comparison-and-contrast paragraph:
1. We first present the differences and then the similarities or the other way round. What is to be emphasized (the differences or the similarities) almost always comes later.
2. We make a parallel-order comparison, where we discuss first one subject, then the other: 1) All of subject A, point by point;
2) All of subject B, point by point, so that it parallels the points about A.
We will finish our whole discussion of the first person (place, or thing) at one time. Then, in discussing the second person (place, or thing), we will take up the major qualities in exactly the same order as in discussing the first one. In this case, the comparison often takes two paragraphs, instead of one.
3. We make a point-by-point comparison. We discuss one aspect of both subjects, then another aspect of both subjects:
1) Aspect one of subjects A and B; 2) Aspect two of subjects A and B. …
Exercises: Now write two separate paragraphs based on the following two topic sentences with the comparison-and-contrast strategy. The point-by-point method is recommended. 1. I prefer South Korean love stories on TV to the Chinese ones. Ideas for reference: feasibility of love smoothness of love fun of love
Sample:
I prefer South Korean love stories on TV to the Chinese ones. Korean love soaps never fail to convey the important message that love is somewhere ahead waiting for you, in spite of your humble origin, weight problem, or unladylike manners. In contrast, love on Chinese TV is, more often than not, an unworthy adventure that brings pain rather than joy. Lovebirds in Korea seem always to be so much luckier than those in China, where people in love often find themselves caught in a hostile financial or social environment. Unlike those Chinese youths who are seriously and gravely wondering about the purpose of life and love for most of the time, those Korean girls and boys always have so many witty, funny, and amazing verbal blows to hurl at each other; I always cannot help laughing out at them. In one word, love on Korean TV is a wonderful medicine to cure everything, while on Chinese TV love is a disease from which one suffers inevitably sometime in one’s course of life. 2. Riding a bicycle is preferable to driving a car. Ideas for reference: health finance
global warming Sample:
Riding a bicycle is preferable to driving a car. First of all, bicycling is healthier. It develops balance, coordination, and strength, while at the same time toning the body, burning calories, strengthening bones. Therefore, it helps building up our body. In contrast, resulting from a lack of exercise, car drivers are often faced with such health problems as heart disease, addictions, drug dependency, overweight, obesity and diabetes. Besides, cycling helps improve personal finances. Needing no fuel, no insurance and minimal maintenance, a good bicycle costs about 2% to 3% as much as a car. What is more, cycling suggests slowed pace of global warming. More autos on the road mean more carbon emissions that are driving global warming while more bicycles increase the time we have to prepare for major climatic changes so as to avoid refugee and food crises.
Unit 5
Text Comprehension
I．B. II. 1. F; 2. T; 3. F; 4. T; 5. F. III.
1. the second half of his first life.
2. the day when he was unable to climb those steps, and was to lie and die.
3. his challenge to continue living, and misery he had to accept and cope with in order to hold on to his sanity, his wife, his home and his job.
4. He first felt a bit sorry for them, but then felt relieved by the thought of paying.
5. the old man is blind but he helped him in the storm; while the writer assumed that a disabled man deserved other people’s help but never helped others.
6. he should always be ready to help others. IV.
1. a sad man with little hope for his future, and everything depended on him to climb these 14 steps.
2. the writer was filled with great shame and horror and became speechless.
Structural analysis of the text Part 1: Paragraph 1, 2—1st life; Part 2: Paragraph 3, 4, 5—2nd life;
Part 3: Paragraph 6, 7, 8, 9—incident and reflection; Part 4: Paragraph 10—new life, i.e. 3rd life.
Section Four Consolidation Activities Part one. Vocabulary I.
1. a slowly progressive disease = a disease that gradually becae more and more serious 2. with the aid of = with the help of 在……的帮助下
3. peering at = looking very carefully and hard at 凝视
4. are all set = are ready 准备就绪，安排妥当
5. indifference to = not caring about 对……漠不关心 II.
1. tilted; 2. led up to; 3. hold on to; 4. care for; 5. is inclined to; 6. make a living; 7. follow, example; 8. to a degree.
III. Word derivation
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.
1. You always follow your own inclination (incline) instead of thinking of our feeling.
2. The men stood in front of the bar, indifferent (indifference) to the argument that was going on across the road.
3. The company has had a successful first year at home but penetration (penetrate) of the international market has been slow.
4. We hadn’t seen her for many years and were very shocked by her frailty (frail). 5. He does not consider his deafness an affliction (afflict).
6. We were all very impressed by the excellence (excellent) of the design.
7. Her fever is getting progressively (progress) worse. I think we should call a doctor.
8. The honeymoon period was soon followed by the usual disillusionment (disillusion) with day-to-day reality.
1. incline v. 使有……倾向，易于；爱好
inclination n. 倾向，意愿
inclined a. 有……倾向的；倾斜的
2. indifference n. 不重视，无兴趣，漠不关心 indifferent a. 漠不关心的，冷淡的
indifferently ad. 不在乎地，冷淡地，淡然地
3. penetrate v. 穿透，渗透；看穿
penetrating a. 敏锐的，尖锐的；穿透的，透彻的 penetration n. 渗透，侵入，突破
4. frail a. 脆弱的，虚弱的
frailty n. 脆弱，意志薄弱；弱点
5. afflict v. 使苦恼，折磨
affliction n. 痛苦，苦恼，苦难
6. excellent a. 极好的，杰出的 excellence n. 优秀，卓越，优点 excellently ad. 优秀地，超群地
7. progress n. 进步，发展，前进 progression n. 前进
progressive a. 前进的，渐进的
8. disillusion n. 觉醒，幻灭 disillusionment n. 幻灭感
disillusioned a. 大失所望的，幻想破灭的 IV.
1. A; 2. C; 3. B; 4. D; 5. B; 6. A; 7. D; 8. B.
V. Synonym / Antonym
Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used. 1. And I managed to keep my health and optimism, to a degree, because of 14 steps. Antonym: pessimism
2. Not so. Here hobbled a bitterly disillusioned cripple, a man who held on to his sanity and his wife and his home and his job because of 14 miserable steps leading up to the back door from his garage.
Synonym: painfully, desperately
3. She went into the house and a moment later came out bundled in raincoat and hat, followed by a man who called a cheerful greeting.
Antonym: cheerless, unhappy, gloomy
4. I started the engine and thumped slowly along, keeping well over on the shoulder until I came to the dirt road, where I turned in — thankfully. Synonym: fortunately
5. He was an old man, stooped and frail-looking under his slicker. Synonym: weak, delicate, feeble
6. As I became older, I became more disillusioned and frustrated. Synonym: disappointed
7. I realized that I was filled to overflowing with self-pity, selfishness, indifference to the needs of others and thoughtlessness.
Antonym: selflessness, unselfishness
8. There followed a long interval of noises. Synonym: period
VI. Compounding
Write in each space the meaning of each given word. 1. likewise in the same way 2. underway in progress 3. carefree with no concern 4. forthcoming coming soon 5. stand-by something ready for use 6. user-friendly handy to use
7. soundproof preventing the passage of sound 8. landlocked almost or entirely surrounded by land
Part Two. Grammar Exercises 1. Numerals
Cardinal 基数numerals express integer 整数(whole) abstract numbers, or the number / amount of the determined nouns in literal form. In addition to being numerals determining nouns, cardinal numerals may also work as: 1. adjectives 2. nouns
3. numeral “one” can also be a pronoun
The different ways to express “around”: around, about, nearly, some, more or less, or so, thereabouts, etc.
Ordinal 序数numerals are used to express an / the order in a series. In addition to being numerals determining nouns, ordinal numerals may also work as: 1. adjectives 2. nouns
3. adverbs
Ordinal numerals allow both articles ahead. Again, the article determines the noun only, not the numeral.
Fractional numeral is used to express parts of a whole. Commonly, it takes two forms: 1. Common 普通分数/简分数fraction
Work according to the formula: Wholes + Numerator / Denominator e. g. 1 2/3 = (is equal to or means) one (whole) and / plus two thirds Note the “s” added to the denominator: “thirds”. 2. Decimal 小数numbers
Work according to the formula: Whole numbers (point) decimals
e. g. 12.15 = (is equal to or means) twelve fifteen, or twelve point fifteen
I．different ways to express “around”.
1. About 100 students; 2. more or less 40 pages; 3. There are 30 or so questions; 4. two hours or thereabouts; 5. some four miles; 6. 50ish. II.
1. a nap合一会儿眼; 2. very good indeed百里挑一; 3. in a mess乱七八糟; 4. on hands and knees四脚爬; 5. very much better than you are比你强十倍; 6. talking quickly and continuously; 7. very probably十有; 8. a lot ways千万条路子.
III. Correct the errors in the following sentences.
1. He was not due at the office for another three-quarter (attributive-adjective) (three quarters) of an hour.
2. was –were.
3. This is the worst disaster I can remember in my plus 25 years (25 years plus) as a police officer. 4. second time –a second time. 5. see –have seen. (present perfect)
6. It took him one and a half hours to finish the task. 7. Twenty-nine (beginning)
2. Determiners (both, each, either or neither, some, any)
Determiners are used in front of nouns to indicate whether you are referring to something specific or something of a particular type.
Both is used to indicate that the action or state denoted by the verb applies individually to each of the two entities. When both is used with and to link parallel elements in a sentence, the words or phrases that follow them should correspond grammatically. Both can only collocate with plural count nouns.
e. g. Both her fingers are broken.
Both Mary and Tom like reading English novels.
The phrase beginning with each identifies a set of items wherein the words following each identify the individual elements by their shared characteristics. The phrase is grammatically singular in number, so if the phrase is the subject of a sentence, its verb is conjugated into a third-person
singular form. Similarly, any pronouns that refer to the noun phrase are singular. e. g. Each candidate has 49 votes. Each voter must decide for herself.
Either and neither are used in sentences concerning a possible choice between two items. Either can mean one or the other (of two) or each of two.
e.g. I’ve got tea and coffee, so you can have either. (one or the other) The room has a door at either end. (both)
Neither means not the first one and not the second one. e. g. Neither of the students were listening.
Both, some and any appear before nouns. Some and any may be used with countable and uncountable nouns.
e. g. He bought some sandwiches for lunch.
He didn’t see any stars when he visited Hollywood. He ate some cheese with his sandwiches.
He never drinks any coffee at night because then he can’t sleep. IV.
Both, both, Neither, either, neither. both, each, either.
V. Fill in each of the blanks with some, any or one of their compounds. 1. somewhat
2. The repairs will cost ____ something ____ in the region of $500.
3. I was amazed that ____some_____ 400 people came to the meeting to discuss the new scheme for a shopping center. 4. somehow, anything 5. anything, something
6. George ought to be able to tell whether that old plate is valuable. He is ___something___ of an expert on china.
7. What have you been up to? I haven’t seen ___anything___ of you for ages. 8. some VI.
1. In spite of + noun--
2. It seemed to me that + clause--
Part Three. Translation exercises I. English to Chinese
1. 常言道猫有九命，我信这话。因为我已经活第三回了，尽管我并不是猫。 2. 我只是一个一瘸一拐、幻想破灭的残疾人，一个凭着攀登车库和后门之间十四级令人痛苦的台阶而努力保持清醒的心智，伴随妻子、维持家庭和坚持工作的人。
3. 其后的几秒钟一切都好像凝滞了，那一刻的羞耻和惊诧深深的穿透了我的肺腑，我感到了一种从未有过的难受。
4. 我意识到自己极端自怜、自私，对别人的需要漠不关心，不为别人着想。
II. Chinese to english
1. 这位电影演员比大多数人更愿意帮助残疾人，因为他自己十年前曾中过风。（be inclined to） This film actor is more inclined than most people to help the handicapped because he himself suffered a stroke ten years ago.
2. The old man is afflicted with rheumatism, but he still goes jogging and mountain-climbing every day.
3. 美国金融制度中的一些缺陷始终没有得到足够的重视，最终酿成了灾难性的后果。（lead to）
Some of the flaws in the American financial system, which had never received due attention， eventually led to disastrous consequences.
4. He held on to his shares of that company when the prices were dropping sharply ladt year. Noe he has made a fortune.
5. 赶快断了这个念头吧——这个想法太疯狂了，根本不值得考虑。（dismiss） Just dismiss the idea from your mind — it’s crazy and not worth thinking about at all.
6. We were all set to leave for the holiday in New York when the3 9/11 incident shook the whole world.
7. If you think I have a magic formula to solve the problem, you are bound to be disillusioned.
8. That Japanese company succeeded in penetrating the US TV market.
VI Writing Practice
Paragraph development — Analogy
Writers very often explain something that is new or difficult by comparing it to something that the reader already knows well. When such a comparison is carried through in detail, we call it an analogy.
Creative analogies are always impressive and inspiring. They arouse readers’ interest and make them want to read more. Some analogies may appear strange and weird at first sight, but they can open our minds to see our subject in new and interesting ways.
Exercises: Write two paragraphs based on the following topic sentences with the analogy strategy. 1. Elderly people are like babies. Ideas for reference:
They need the care and intervention of others.
They rely on their families for emotional support. Sample:
Elderly people are like babies. Babies come into the world with no teeth, the elderly leave with no teeth too. The most obvious similarity between elderly people and babies is that they need the care and intervention of others. They may depend upon someone for something as simple as moving from place to place. Many elderly people and infants cannot walk without assistance. A person weak with age may sit in a wheelchair all day and require others to push them. Most importantly, they both need others’ extra attention. They are not so socially active so they rely more on their families for emotional support. Babies and old people, you have to love them, they are the most lovable people in the world. …………
Elderly people are like babies. First of all, elderly people are physically vulnerable just like babies. They are so easily taken ill whenever the weather changes drastically. When a cold wave strikes, elderly people are as likely to catch a cold as babies do and they may also have blood pressure problems or even develop other more serious conditions. Second, many people of advanced ages seem to return to the state of ignorance typical of the naïve child. That is why we have come across so many stories of criminal frauds that have victimized retired, elderly people. Last but not least, elderly people need their adult children’s extra attention just as much as babies want their parents’ love and care. They are no longer as socially active as they used to by; they rely ever more on their families for emotional support. However, in many domestic situations, they feel left out, and even deliberately ignored. When they are in emotional trouble, they are not able to handle it effectively and skillfully. They want their children’s company as much as their children’s babies, but in most cases they are too proud to say so.
2. Finding the right major is like finding the right person to marry. Ideas for reference:
They both take two parties to make work.
Love really counts when we decide on the choice. They are both hard to find. Sample:
Finding the right major is like finding the right person to marry. A marriage takes two parties to make it work. Likewise, a successful college education depends on the relationship between the student and the major that they choose. The branch of learning that can supposedly prepare one for the financially most rewarding job is not necessarily the best choice for a particular person. Similarly, the most intelligent student is very often not among the right people to take the most competitive major. Just as in marriage, love really counts when we decide on the choice of major. Only when we have a passion for the particular field of knowledge will we be able to come out as excellent students and then start a highly profitable or emotionally rewarding career. Finding the right college major can also be as hard as finding the right person to marry. As much as appearances can be deceptive in relationships, many academic subjects can look appealing but often turn out to be most boring. So it is sensible for a college student to open their eyes wide when they shop around for the right major before they make up their minds.
Unit 6
Text comprehension
I. B. II. 1. T; 2. F; 3. F; 4. T; 5. F. III.
1. because he felt that all of them had been somewhat fooled. They were totally unprepared for the cruelty of the war and the immensity of its killing power. “They all came here with an air of confidence and eagerness, ready to win,” but what awaited them was “a one-way ticket to death.” 2. He wrote his first entry when his regiment was in London to protect the city from Nazi’s air raids; his second one when his group of soldiers had journeyed to a small European town untouched by warfare; and the last one when their secret location was discovered by Nazi troops and he faced approaching death.
3. It was his wish to come home alive to see his family. This is mentioned in all the three entries: “I must go on living this nightmare, if not for myself or my country, then for my family back home. I want my children to have a father.” “… wondering yet again if I would ever see my family.9 I would give anything to see them, even if it was for five minutes!” “I wish, with all my soul, that I could be home now… I am thinking of my daughters’ faces… I will always remember their faces…”
4. He would tell them that those soldiers died bravely in an effort to save their countries from turmoil and make the children feel that their fathers made a difference.
5. He felt disgusted at the cruelty of the war, questioned the judgment of human beings who started the war and felt enraged at killing innocent lives and destroying whole countries. IV.
1. Although my stories about their fathers’ death might not relieve their sadness, they will enable the children to see the extraordinary significance of their fathers’ contribution.
2. I suddenly recalled a saying I once heard that made me very painful, “We can’t afford to fight even one war.”
Structural analysis of the text
Diary writing follows the flow of the writer’s thoughts. It is usually “structured” by the author’s free associations.
1. What do the three entries of the diary have in common?
Two thematic topics in common, the horrible scenes of the war and the writer’s strong love for, and emotional attachment to his family.
2. How are the particular situations related to the common thematic topics?
Firstly, the writer describes his thought and fear under German air raids, which led him to speculate about the difficulties and problems of his family.
Secondly, the writer describes his reflections on the justification of wars. The sight of a teenage girl and the grim condition in a small European town made him recall his dear daughters and family.
Thirdly, it was dated on Christmas Eve and about the approaching death. The writer’s only wish was that someone could return the diary to his family. Section Four Consolidation Activities
Part One. Vocabulary I. Phrase
1. no more than = only 只是，仅仅
2. strike a painful note in my head = make me feel painful 使某人感到痛苦 3. more blood has been shed = Further casualties have been caused 4. word has it that … = it is said that … 据说……
5. with an air of = appearing full of, radiating 带着……的样子，带着……的神情 II.
1. running; 2. tucked; 3. inspected; 4. taken precautions; 5. with an air of; 6. adventurous; 7. enraged; 8. panicked.
III. Word derivation. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words. 1. The collar of his jacket had been stiffened (stiff) with an extra layer of cloth. 2. An interpreter’s job is such a responsible one that he can’t afford any errors (err). 3. Opening my letter was an inexcusable invasion (invade) of privacy.
4. Don’t rely on the information she gave you — it’s pure assumption (assume) on her part. 5. He protested his innocence (innocent) loudly as they dragged him off to prison.
6. This is a really tough assignment (assign) and I believe you’re the only person who can handle it.
7. The force of the explosion (explode) had broken all the windows of the houses in the vicinity of the vehicle.
8. The police have issued a description (describe) of the two men who were seen running away from the scene of the crime.
1. stiff a. 僵直的；生硬的，拘谨的 stiffen v. 使……坚硬 stiffness n. 僵硬；硬度
e.g. 他因为害怕而身体发僵。 His body stiffened in fear. 2. err v. 犯错，做错
error n. 错误，误差；过失 e.g. 她错在对他撒谎。 She erred in lying to him. 3. invade v. 侵略；侵害 invader n. 侵略者
invasion n. 侵入，侵略
e.g. 这个城市涌进了大量的农民。 The town was invaded by farmers. 入侵者把村镇变为废墟。
The invaders laid towns and villages in ruins. 4. assume v. 假定，设想；承担；认为 assuming conj. 假定，假如 assumption n. 假定，设想
e.g. 我以为你能讲流利的英语。
I assumed you could speak English fluently. 假定那是真的，我们现在该怎么办？
Assuming that it is true, what should we do now? 5. innocent a. 清白的，无辜的；天真的，无知的 innocence n. 无罪；无知，天真无邪 innocently ad. 无罪地；纯洁地 e.g. 他声称自己是无罪的。. He declared that he was innocent. 他声称自己无罪。
He declared his innocence.
6. assign v. 分配，指派，指定
assignation n. 分配，指定；委托，转让 assignment n. 分配；作业，任务
e.g. 所有的职工都分到了合适的工作。. All the staff are assigned to suitable jobs. 你不能在两小时内将功课做完。
You can’t finish the assignment in two hours. 7. explode v. 爆炸
explosion n. 爆炸；爆发，激增 explosive a. 爆炸（性）的 e.g. 选在人最多时爆炸。.
The bomb was timed to explode during the rush-hour. 某些气体十分易爆。
Certain gasses are highly explosive. 8. describe n. 描述
description n. 描写，描述 descriptive a. 描述的，叙述的
e.g. 老师问学生：“你能描述一下这幅画吗？”
The teacher asks his student, “Can you describe this picture?” 那女孩对这幅画作了一番生动的描述。 The girl gave a vivid description of the picture. IV.
1. B; 2. D; 3. C; 4. D; 5. C; 6. B; 7. C; 8. A.
V. Synonym / Antonym. Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used.
1. My heart aches every moment because everywhere I look I see piles of rubble where houses used to stand and lifeless bodies that once moved around with the joy of life inside them. Synonym: heaps, stacks
2. It is as if I have stared into death’s eyes and seen its hatred, its coldness. Antonym: love, kindness
3. I suffered minor head injuries, but the rest of my platoon wasn’t so fortunate. Synonym: small, lesser
4. They are experiencing tough times too, with the food shortage problems and all. Antonym: surplus, abundance, plenty
5. War just creates more problems; something every sensible person knows. Synonym: reasonable, rational
6. My situation is grim and the odds of winning, or even surviving, seem unlikely. Synonym: terrible, desperate
7. I would give anything to see them, even if it was for five minutes! I am not a man made for war, nor am I an adventurous person. Synonym: bold, brave
8. One night, as I performed my routine watch, I passed a young girl of no more than twelve or thirteen, who was walking home. Synonym: regular, usual
VI. Prefix/ suffix. Write in each space the meaning of each given word. 1. offset balance 2. outdo defeat
3. overtake catch up and pass 4. underline emphasize 5. uphold support 6. withstand bear 7. downplay lessen 8. forestall prevent 1. Explanation:
off-: not on, away from e.g. offload, offcut, offshoot 2. Explanation:
out-: greater, better, etc.
e.g. outgrow, outlive, outflow 3. Explanation:
over-: more than usual, too much
e.g. overcook, overdo, overdraw, overeat 4. Explanation: under-: below
e.g. undercharge, undercut, undergo, underlie 5. Explanation: up-: upwards
e.g. upsurge, upstart, upturn, upswing 6. Explanation:
with-: in opposition to, against e.g. withdraw, withhold, within 7. Explanation:
down-: lower, smaller, etc.
e.g. downfall, downsize, download, downshift, downturn 8. Explanation:
fore-: before, in advance
e.g. forecast, foretell, foretaste, foresee II Grammar Exercises 1. Questions
In terms of syntactic structure and communicative function, questions (also interrogative sentences)
fall into four major types: general question (yes-no question), special question, alternative question and tag question.
Special questions, also known as wh-questions, are generally introduced by wh-words such as what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose, why, etc. The wh-word marks the focus of information to be asked about.
Special questions may be in normal order or in inverted order. When the wh-word functions as subject or part of the subject, the question is in normal order. If, on the other hand, the wh-word is not used
as subject, My name is Lynne. What is your name? (object) the The party is on Tuesday. When is the party? (time) question is I’m from England. Where are you from? (place, location) in inverted The red car is mine. Which is your car? (one of many) order. I’m Lynne. Who are you? (people) e.g. It’s mine. Whose is this web site? (possession) I. I did it because I was angry! Why did you do it? (reason) How big / I like it very much. How do you like it? (way something is done) Who /
What / How often / Why / What. II.
1. what did you do on Friday? 2. What time did you get up? 3. Did you have breakfast? 4. Who’s Mary?
5. Where did you first meet her? 6. What does she do? 7. Where does she live? 8. What’s she like?
9. Do you often see her?
10. Why did she come to you on Friday morning? 2. Object clause
Object clause is mostly used in reported speech after certain verbs to report people’s words, thoughts, questions and statements.
When reporting a statement, if the sentence starts in the present, there is no backshift of tenses in reported speech; if the sentence starts in the past, there is often backshift of tenses in reported speech and if the sentence contains an expression of time, it must be changed as well. e.g. Susan: “I work in an office.” Susan says that she works in an office.
Susan: “I work in an office now.” Susan said that she worked in an office then.
When reporting a yes-no question, either if or whether is used to introduce the clause; when reporting a wh-question, the same wh-word is used to introduce the clause. Note that the usual word order when reporting a question is the one that is used in a statement (the subject-verb order). And if the sentence starts in the past, don’t forget the backshift of tenses and the change of the expression of time.
e.g. Liz wanted to know whether / if we had any photos of our holiday.
We didn’t know why the shop was shut down. (not … why was the shop shut down)
III.
1. she has gone
2. when she will be back 3. if she went out alone IV.
1. a. It signals that rain is expected by the speaker.
b. It suggests that the speaker does not expect it to rain. 2. a. It is more emphatic.
b. It is more formal. The speaker is probably losing patience with the listener. 3. a. It is used to express doubt or uncertainty.
b. It is used to seek confirmation from the listener and the speaker expects agreement. 4. a. The speaker expects that the listener has carried out the action.
b. The speaker may be displeased or annoyed that the action was performed. 5. a is more polite than b.
6. a is quite friendly while b conveys a bit irritation.
7. a. With a rising tone, the tag question is used to verify or check information that we think is true or to check info4rmation that we aren’t sure is true.
b. When we are trying to be sarcastic, or to make a strong point, we use the tag question with a falling tone.
8. a. The non-polarized tag question is used for special effect, such as sarcasm, disbelief, shock, anger, concern, etc.
b. The polarized tag question is used to verify or check information. V.
… they had … their… their…. He had … were… were …were …diminished, … was … existed … might be …. They felt … were … offered …. VI. 1. if not
2. a matter of time
Part Three. Translation exercises I.
1. 我所到之处满目疮痍，楼房夷为瓦砾，活人成了死尸，生命的欢乐已然封存在一具具尸体之内，这一切时时刻刻都在刺痛着我的心。
2. 当然，我也和他们一样，但是自上一个进攻日以后，我的想法改变了。当时我们团的任务是保卫伦敦。
3. 倘若我能回国，我发誓一定要让这些战士英名长存，我要告诉他们的家人；他们为了保卫祖国，使之免遭劫难，英勇地献出了自己的生命。
4. 虽说人非圣贤，都有过错，但是滥杀无辜，毁人国土，实在是天理难容！ II.
1. Our group was assigned to decorate the garden while the others were preparing the food in the kitchen.
2. 那位年轻人在战场上意外地遇到失散已久的兄弟，惊喜不已。（out of the blue） Translation:
On the battlefield the young man was delighted to meet a long-lost brother who came out of the blue.
3. Who has used up the milk? There is none to put in my coffee.
4. Rumor has it that this painting is fake and that the original one was stolen three years ago.
5. 你单匹马也许不能改变什么，但是我们大家一起努力，我们国家的面貌就会大不相同。（make a difference） Translation:
One person may not be able to change much, but working together we’ll be able to make great difference to our country.
6. Many burglaries took place because the owner failed to take the precaution of locking their doors and windows.
7. 为了避免爆发内战，这位飞到前线，和分子谈判。（in an effort to） Translation:
The minister flew to the front to negotiate with the rioters in an effort to prevent a civil war. 8. 我看到你们在晚会上谈话，所以以为你们互相认识。（assume） Translation:
I assumed you knew each other because I saw you talking with each other at the party. IV Exercises for integrated skills 1. Dictation My Berlin diary for December 2 / was limited to four words. / “Only three more days!” / The Foreign Office was still holding up / my passport and exit visa, / which worried me. / I had to get my passport and official permission / to leave on December 5. / There was one other thing to do. / For weeks I had thought over / how to get my diaries safely out of Berlin. / At some moments / I had thought / I ought to destroy them before leaving. / There was enough in them / to get me hanged. / The morning I got my passport and exit visa / I realized I had less than twenty-four hours / to figure out a way / of getting my Berlin diaries out. / I again thought of destroying them, / but I wanted very much to keep them, if I could. / Suddenly, later that morning, / the solution became clear. / It was risky, / but it was worth a try. / 2. Cloze
The plane did not frighten Kaz. For (1) one thing, Hiroshima had gone almost untouched by the air war. For another, Kaz had been born in California, and although her father had returned to Japan while she was still (2) in diapers, she liked to tell people she was the American in the family. She even felt a kind of distant kinship (3) with the B-29s that flew regularly overhead, bound north (4) for Tokyo and other targets. She waved at the plane. “Hi, angel!” she called.
A white spot appeared in the sky, as small and innocent-looking (5) as a scrap of paper. It was falling away (6) from the plane, drifting down toward them. The journey took 43 seconds.
The air exploded in blinding light and color, the rays shooting outward as in a child’s drawing of the sun, and Kaz was thrown to the ground so violently (7) that her two front teeth broke off; she had sunk (8) into unconsciousness. Kaz’s father had been out back tending the vegetables, in his undershorts. When he came staggering out of the garden, blood was running from his nose and mouth. (9) By the next day, the exposed parts of his body would turn a chocolate brown. What had been the finest house (10) in the neighborhood came crashing down. VI Writing Practice
Paragraph development — Cause and effect
Cause and effect is a natural strategy to develop a paragraph. For much of the time that we spend
thinking and trying to understand the world around us, we are exploring for certain causal relationships between things (events, conditions, situations etc.) present, past, and future. Correspondingly, such a cause-and-effect thinking mode is found everywhere in writing of most types.
When we plan a cause-and-effect paragraph, we need to distinguish primary effects from secondary effects, long-term effects from short-term effects. It is sometimes also necessary to tell immediate or direct causes apart from underlying or indirect causes. In some writing situations, we have to differentiate necessary causes, sufficient causes and contributory ones. Between any two causes there may be a causal relationship too, and that is also true between any two effects of a cause.
Sometimes we need to arrange the different causes or effects chronologically; sometimes we may find it more appropriate to sequence them according to their relative importance; and for some other paragraphs, we have to categorize all the causes or effects. It is mostly determined by the nature of the relationship between them.
Most cause-and-effect paragraphs take either the effect paragraph form or the cause paragraph form.
The usual form of the cause paragraph: 1. begins with a statement of the effect; 2. explains the causes of that effect;
3. concludes with what has caused the effect. The usual form of the effect paragraph: 1. begins with a statement of the cause; 2. discusses the effects of the cause;
3. concludes with a statement of the direct relationship between the cause and the effects.
Words and expressions that often come up in cause-and-effect paragraphs include: result in, result from, as a result, because, due to, lead to, therefore, consequently, thus, above all, primarily, equally important, first, second, last (but not least), undoubtedly, probably, unquestionably, etc. Exercises: Now write two separate paragraphs based on the following two topic sentences with the cause-effect strategy.
1. The rate of teenage nearsightedness is much higher in China than in most other countries. Ideas for reference:
Chinese children are compelled to spend so much more time doing schoolwork than children in other countries.
Long-standing Chinese culture favors femininity over masculinity.
To most Chinese parents, their kids’ possible eye problem is not a real health issue. Sample:
The rate of teenage nearsightedness is much higher in China than in most other countries. Underlying that worrying state there are two major causes, the first of which is the fact that Chinese children are compelled to spend so much more time doing schoolwork than children in other countries; and for that state the competitive college entrance examination is certainly responsible. Also to blame is the long-standing Chinese culture that favors femininity over masculinity, as abundant available evidence suggests. To most Chinese parents, their kids’ possible eye problem is not a real health issue. They do not seem to consider it a regrettable thing for their children to have to wear glasses. Unlike American and European parents, they do not care for
athletic children as much as they care for well-educated and good-mannered ones. To sum up, it is the current educational system and the femininity of the Chinese culture that seem to be primarily responsible for the high rate of teenage nearsightedness in the country.
2. It is worrying that nowadays more and more teenagers have free access to the Internet. Ideas for reference:
The Internet is a virtual world of unpleasant stuff of all kinds. Teenagers are vulnerable to bad influences.
Many children’s addiction to the Internet is also enough reason for concern. Sample:
It is worrying that nowadays more and more teenagers have free access to the Internet. A double-edged sword as it is, the Internet is more harmful than helpful to children, who tend to abuse their online time. As is known to everyone, the Internet is a virtual world of unpleasant stuff of all kinds, such as explicit and graphic contents of sex, vulgar verbal junk, and violent online games. Still at the formative stage of their physical, emotional and mental growth, teenagers are vulnerable to bad influences, and are more likely to be adversely affected and, as a result, develop unhealthy habits, deviant behavior, aggressive dispositions, and problematic attitudes towards life. Teenagers under the influence of some sick games committing suicide are, admittedly, extreme cases and yet they are most significant, disturbing, and thought-provoking. Even if their online activity is harmless, many children’s addiction to the Internet is also enough reason for concern. Because of its interactivity and other alluring features, the Internet is far more appealing than the television. No wonder so many children often spend days and nights in a row in a net bar, wasting their lives away. In the foreseeable future, the country might find cases of juvenile delinquency increasing at an alarming speed, and in the long run, the Chinese culture would be weakened seriously if immediate action is not taken to change the present state.
Unit 7
Text comprehension
I. B. II. 1. T; 2. T; 3. T; 4. F; 5. F. III.
1. Paragraph 2. It is our society, which overemphasizes winning, considers failure a sin, and sees prosperity in the present as a sure sign of salvation in the future.
2. Paragraph 4. Because the students may have acquired more or less knowledge out of the course than the grade indicates.
3. Paragraph 5. His attitude is critical. He complains the exclusion of such important characteristics as courage, kindness, wisdom and good humor.
4. Paragraph 8. It was to make a clear distinction between the student as classroom performer and the student as human being. So a low grade, at best, indicates an incompetent classroom performer, not an incompetent human being.
5. Paragraph 9. He thinks social labels, including grades, are basically irrelevant and misleading, though necessary. But it’s not self-contradictory because social labels are necessary as ways of distinction for job choice, not as reasons for attitude toward others or ourselves in human terms.
IV.
1. Being unsuccessful and disadvantaged is regarded as sinful because in this word people tend to think today’s success can save one from evil in the future.
2. It is important to see the fact that although they differ in their class status and educational background, human beings are essentially the same. Biologically they are constructed in the same way, and they share the common feelings of fear and joy and the common experience of suffering and achieving. This commonality has bound them together. All of them will regard wars, diseases, and disasters both private and public as unfortunate big events in their life time. Structural analysis of the text
1. Paragraph 2—5. Key words: Disappointment. Main idea: Grades do not mean everything.
2. Paragraph 6—8. Key words: The student as performer; the student as human being. Main idea: Getting a B in class does not mean one will always be a B performer in life.
3. Paragraph 9—10. Key words: Perspective. Main idea: In a complex society like ours, labels are necessary but they should be kept in perspective. Section Four Consolidation Activities Part one. Vocabulary Analysis I. Phrase practice
1. essence: inner nature; indispensable quality; the most important part 本质，实质，精髓 e.g. His works reflect the essence of fascism. 他的作品反映出法西斯的本质。
2. deadly sins: sins leading to damnation. (pride, covetousness, lust, anger, gluttony, envy and sloth, in Christianity)
3. misleading: making you think or act wrongly 误导，误入歧途
e.g. He deliberately misled us about the nature of their relationship. 关于他们究竟是什么关系，他故意给我们留下错误印象。
This sentence has misled us into thinking that the answer was wrong. 这句话误使我们认为那个答案是错误的。
4. conventional task: task traditionally required of students 传统任务
e.g. This conventional task is so easy that even a pupil can finish it. 这个传统任务是如此简单，甚至小学生都能完成。
5. in short supply: far from enough 供给不足，缺乏
e.g. The water and food for disaster area is in short supply. 这些水和食物给灾区是远远不够的。Potatoes are in short supply because of the bad harvest. 由于收成不好，现在马铃薯供应不足。 II.
1. define; 2. irrelevant; 3. correspond to; 4. flunked; 5. rather; 6. makes a point of; 7. apt to; 8. go round.
III. Word derivation. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.
1. His vision was nearly restored to normal after the removal (remove) of the tumor in his brain. 2. The major issue of the conference was how to cope with the severe consequences resulting from the climatic (climate) changes on our planet.
3. This company is in trouble and the latest plan for its salvation (salvage) has few supporters. 4. It is said in the job ad that those who apply for the vacancy should have proficiency (proficient) in at least two languages.
5. Don’t rely on the information she gave you — it’s pure assumption (assume) on her part. 6. The age of college students normally (norm) ranges from 18 to 22.
7. The government’s inaction to curb inflation and unemployment caused strong resentment (resent) among the public.
8. The Sichuan earthquake turned out to be the most disastrous (disaster) one the country has witnessed in the past one hundred years. 1. remove v. 消除，除去；脱掉 removable a. 可除去的，可移动的 removal n. 移动，移居；除去
e.g. 我们的家已从北京迁到上海。
Our home has removed from Beijing to Shanghai. 他脱下帽子表示敬意。
He removed his hat as a sign of reverence. 2. climate n. 气候；风气 climatic a. 气候上的
e.g. 她很快就适应了这种多变的气候。
She adapted herself quickly to the changeable climate. 3. salvage v. 打捞，抢救
salvageable a. 可抢救的，可打捞的 salvation n. 得救，拯救；赎罪
e.g. 房子里没有什么东西可救的了。
There is nothing that is salvageable in the building. 天气干旱了这么久，这场雨成了农民的救星。
After so much dry weather, the rain has been the farmer’s salvation. 4. proficient a. 熟练的，精通的 proficiency n. 熟练，精通 e.g. 我可以说对唱歌很在行。
I’d say I am quite proficient at singing. 5. assume v. 假定，设想；承担；认为 assuming conj. 假定，假如 assumption n. 假定，设想
e.g. 我以为你能讲流利的英语。
I assumed you could speak English fluently. 假定那是真的，我们现在该怎么办？
Assuming that it is true, what should we do now? 6. norm n. 标准，规范 normal a. 正常的，正规的 normality n. 常态
normalize v. 使正常，使标准化
e.g. 过了几天，洪水才退，生活恢复了正常。
It was several days before the floodwater sank and life returned to normal. 我们的关系正常了。
Our relationship has been normalized. 7. resent v. 憎恨，生气 resentment n. 怨恨，愤恨 resentful a. 不满的
resentfulness n. 怨恨，愤恨
e.g. 我非常讨厌别人侵占我的时间。.
I bitterly resent the encroachment on my time. 他对所受的待遇感到忿恨。
He is resentful at the way he has been treated. 8. disaster n. 灾难 disastrous a. 灾难性的
e.g. 这场灾难过后，许多人既没有食物又没有住处。
After the disaster there were many who wanted food and shelter. 国家的经济形势非常糟糕。
The economic condition of the country is disastrous. IV.
1. B; 2. D; 3. C; 4. C; 5. B; 6. D; 7. B; 8. D.
V. Synonym / Antonym: Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used.
1. The essence of success is that there’s never enough of it to go round in a zero-sum game where one person’s winning must be offset by another’s losing … Synonym: balanced, compensated
2. The level of your proficiency has been determined by your performance of rather conventional tasks …
Antonym: unconventional
3. But they are important: crucially so, because they are always in short supply. Antonym: abundant, plentiful
4. If you value these characteristics in yourself, you will be valued — and far more so than those whose identities are measured only by little marks on a piece of paper. Synonym: evaluated, assessed
5. There were a lot of us then: older than the norm, in a hurry to get our degrees and move on … Synonym: average
6. It is important to recognize that human beings, despite differences in class and educational labeling, are fundamentally hewn from the same material and knit together by common bonds of fear and joy …
Synonym: essentially, basically
7. But these distinctions should never be taken seriously in human terms … Antonym: lightly, frivolously
8. Even in achievement terms, your B label does not mean that you are permanently defined as a B achievement person. Antonym: temporarily
VI. Prefix: Write in each space one word that has the same prefix as underlined in each given word.
1. interfere international ____ 2. transcend ___ translate 3. circumstances ____ circumference 4. neocolonial neoclassical 5. control conform 6. antibiotic antisocial 7. unlock undo 8. outnumber outshine 1. Explanation:
inter-: between
e.g. interaction, interdependent, interconnect 2. Explanation:
trans-: across or beyond
e.g. transplant, transform, transatlantic 3. Explanation:
circum-: surrounding
e.g. circumcision, circumlocution, circumspect 4. Explanation:
neo-: new, in a later form
e.g. neonatal, neo-fascist, neo-Georgian 5. Explanation:
con-: strengthen or reinforce e.g. convince, constrain, conquer 6. Explanation:
anti-: opposed to, against
e.g. antiwar, antihero, antidote 7. Explanation:
un-: in verbs that describe the opposite of a process e.g. unfold, unload, unbend, uncut 8. Explanation:
out-: greater, better, further, etc. e.g. outgrow, outlive, outwit Part two. Grammar Exercises 1. Disjunct
A disjunct is a type of adverbial that expresses information that is not considered essential to the sentence it appears in, but which is considered to be the speaker’s or writer’s attitude towards, or descriptive statement of, the propositional content of the sentence.
More generally, the term disjunct can be used to refer to any sentence element that is not fully integrated into the clausal structure of the sentence. Such elements usually appear peripherally (at the beginning or end of the sentence) and are set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma (in writing) and a pause (in speech). e.g. Honestly, I couldn’t believe it.
Unfortunately, Kim has had to leave us.
I. Practice: Rewrite the following sentences using proper disjuncts. 1. Unfortunately, …
2. It is hoped that the report will go out to shareholders no later than June 1. Hopefully, …
3. It is odd enough that he did not raise any objection to the plan. Oddly enough, … 4. Rightly, … 5. Luckily, … 6. Fortunately, …
7. It is strange enough that the burglar should not have taken the diamond away.
Strangely enough, … II.
Type 1 expresses a judgment on the whole and meanwhile the subject, so three types of sentence structures can be used;
Type 2 expresses no judgment on the subject.
1. It was right that … / They were right to have ….
2. It was foolish that … / It was foolish of the boy not to say … / The boy was foolish not to say …. 3. type 1. 4. type 2. 5. type 2. 6. type 2.
7. type 2: It was lucky that …. 8. type 2: It is hoped that …. III. Relative words
Relative words are used to refer to a noun mentioned before and of which we are adding more information. They are used to join two or more sentences in the way we call “relative sentences”. e.g. I know many boys who / that play rugby.
The shirt which / that Carl bought has a stain on the pocket. This is the boy whose mother works for the BBC.
Barnstaple has a very old covered market where I bought some lovely old plates. Sunday is the day when people usually don’t go to work.
If the verb in the relative clause needs a preposition, we usually put it at the end of the clause: e.g. The music which / that Julie listens to is good.
Sometimes, the preposition can also be placed before the relative pronoun. e.g. My brother met a woman with whom I used to work.
It was the stream in which the elephant and the mouse preferred to swim.
Notice that we cannot use who or that after a preposition, for the relative pronoun now serves as the object of the preposition.
III. Practice: Fill in each blank with a proper relative word. Use “preposition + relative word” if necessary.
1. Good writing is built on a solid framework of logic, argument, narrative, or motivation ___which / that____ runs through the entire piece of writing and holds it together. This is the time __when___ many writers find it most effective to outline as a way of visualizing the hidden spine ___by which___ the piece of writing is supported. 2. The element __on which__ 3. that
4. James Russell is a man __for whom__ I have the greatest respect. 5. with whom 6. to whom 7. of which 8. at which IV.
1. where, where
2. what, which 3. what 4. why 5. where 6. When 7. why
8. which, which, what
V. whatever, wherever, whoever, whichever, whenever, and however
The words whatever, wherever, whoever, whichever, whenever and however have similar meanings to “no matter who, what, which …”. A word of this kind has a double function: it acts as a subject, object or adverb in its own clause. It also acts as a conjunction joining its clause to the rest of the sentence.
e.g. Whatever you may say, I am not going to take him back. (No matter what you say, ...) Wherever you go, I shall follow you. (No matter where you go, I shall follow you.) Whoever disobeys the law must be punished. (No matter who disobeys the law …) However much he eats, he never gets fat. (No matter how much he eats, …) These words are also used to suggest something not definitely known. e.g. I shall come whenever I can slip away.
• We shall send whoever is available.
• You will have to be content with whatever you can get.
V. Practice: Complete the following sentences with the appropriate words in the box. whoever wherever whatever however whenever whichever 1. However
2. __Whatever_____ problems you may have, we will help. 3. whatever 4. Wherever
5. Take __whichever_____ book you like best. 6. whoever
7. __However___ late it is, you must come to the party because it will be something fantastic. 8. whenever / whenever VI.
1. not the most important thing—it’s the only thing 2. enough …. Nor…rather…. Part three. Translation exercises I.
1. 不管我们的标准是什么，这个标准现在提高了，结果使你对自己没能得到更高的分数而感到失望。
2。由于缺乏更精确的衡量工具，我们至多只能把B看作一个模糊的符号，表示对你掌握某一科目的程度的判断，不过这种判断的准确性很值得怀疑。
3。人的阶级属性和教育背景不尽相同，但凡是人都是血肉之躯，都有同样的恐惧感和欢愉感，同样的痛苦感和成就感，这些共通的感受把他们连为一体；认识到这一点十分重要。 4。然而和你们毕业离校之后将要进入的那片荒蛮无路、起伏跌宕的乡野相比，在样读书就如同一条狭窄坦直、界限分明的公路。
II。
1. 他因急性阑尾炎住院治疗，结果连期末考试都没参加。（with the result that） Translation:
He was hospitalized with acute appendicitis, with the result that he missed the final examination. 2. 前来听讲座的人数远远超出原来的计划，分发给大家的讲义不够了。（go round） Translation:
As many more people came to the lecture than expected, there were not enough handouts to go round.
3. 不管一天工作有多忙，他在睡觉前总要看一下电子信箱里有没有新邮件。
No matter what a long / busy day he may have, he makes a point of checking his e-mail inbox before going to bed.
4。世界各国都有失业问题，但各国处理这个问题的方法不尽相同。（handle）
Unemployment is found in all countries in the world, but governments vary in their way to handle the problem.
5。第一次来到异国的人往往会感到自己周围的一切既陌生，又有趣。（be apt to） Translation:
Anyone who has come to a foreign country for the first time is apt to find everything around him both strange and interesting.
6. The football fans were very disappointed at the performance of the players of both teams. 7. 他的话，你得好好想一想，千万不要他说什么你就信什么。（take at face value） Translation:
Never take what he says at face value. Think it over yourself. 8。The doctor’s words removed his fears about the operation. VI Writing Practice
Paragraph development — Classification
In our daily life we are constantly organizing things in one way or another. Classification is the grouping of items into categories according to some consistent principle. Most families of things can be divided or classified according to several different principles. The key to good classification writing is to use a single rule of division for each part. Classification is done of things that belong to one family, things that have something in common, but the purpose of classification is to compare and contrast them, showing their differences, so that the reader might have a better understanding of them. Classification is extensively used in technical writing, but the strategy can also be used for nontechnical purposes. Original and interesting classification for rhetorical effect can surprise the readers and capture their attention.
Words and expressions often used for classification include, among many others, the following: include, comprise, contain, have, be sorted into, be classified into, differ in, be divided into, be a type of, fall under, belong to, be a part of, fit into, be grouped with, and be associated with.
Exercises: Write two paragraphs based on the following topic sentences with the classification strategy.
1. High school teachers tend to sort their students into the following categories: pleasant high achievers, unpleasant high achievers, the average, pleasant underachievers, and unpleasant underachievers. Ideas for reference:
The pleasant high achievers take part in various kinds of activities happily and study effectively,
efficiently and fruitfully.
The unpleasant high achievers concentrate on school work with high scores, but without pleasure. The average achievers studies sufficiently but doesn’t work more than necessary.
The pleasant underachievers make little efforts in school work, but make use of every opportunity to enjoy themselves
The unpleasant underachievers can’t deal with school work well due to wrong approaches, nor can they find pleasure in life.
2. In Shanghai, the most popular English language examinations include, among others, TEM 4, TEM 8, Interpreter Certificate, TOEFL, and IELTS. Ideas for reference:
There are regional differences between the five tests. The five tests differ in their compulsoriness.
Testees受试者、应考人 are also divided on the purposes for which they take the five tests. Sample:
In Shanghai, the most popular English language examinations include, among others, TEM 4, TEM 8, Interpreter Certificate, TOEFL, and IELTS. There are some differences between these tests. The first three, TEM 4 (short for “Test for English Majors Band 4”), TEM 8 and Interpreter Certificate, are domestic tests, and among them Interpreter Certificate is a local one, peculiar to the city. Both TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) and IELTS (International English Language Testing System) are international tests, organized by the American and British educational authorities respectively. The five tests differ in their compulsoriness. The first two are compulsory: almost all college English majors are required to take them; the other three fall under the optional group. Besides, testees are also divided on the purposes for which they take the five tests. They sit in the two mandatory tests for their bachelor’s degree, while the Interpreter Certificate is popular because it helps when a holder of it is looking for a job. Unlike them, participants in the two international English tests are usually planning to receive higher education in English-speaking countries. VII Listening Exercises
A. Listen to the report — “Go to the Head of the Class.” Write in the second column of the table below the five ideas that can help you leap to the top of the class. Then listen to the report again, and write in the third column of the table the key words and phrases that best illustrate each idea. The first one is already given as an example. 1 2 Make reading automatic. Win equal opportunity in the classroom. Learn to think. key to school success / take practice / automatic reader / read with expression / read with a sense of meaning same classroom / different educations / no equal-opportunity education / discuss with the teacher / let the teacher know what’s on your mind lower mental process – rote learning / higher mental processes – problem-solving, analyzing, interpreting / improve thinking skills / gain in rote learning teamwork / cooperative learning / reward / peer pressure / bonuses / self-esteem / value of cooperation / better attitudes toward classmates home / better predictor of success / great impact / 3 4 Have classmates help. 5 Educate at home. homework and reading / given priority / parents / encourage and praise / family members / talk and do things together B. After listening, discuss the following two questions.
1. Do you agree with the saying “Inside almost every poor to average student, there’s a smart kid yearning to get out”?
2. What can you do to help bring your “smart kid” out? Script
Go to the Head of the Class
How smart are you? How much can you learn? How high can you climb? Until now, schoolchildren seemed frozen in place. An average student in second or third grade paddled along, just fair to middling, until graduation from high school. A poor student languished受折磨 at the bottom of each successive class. Studies showed that more than four out of five students began and ended schools at the same level of performance.
It doesn’t have to be that way. Benjamin Bloom, a professor of education at the University of Chicago, supervised two separate research projects. In each, students were selected at random and provided with private teachers. With this one-to-one instruction, below-average students climbed to better-than-average, while average students outperformed 98 percent of the boys and girls in conventional classrooms.
Bloom identified and tested five remarkable simple ideas aimed at reproducing in the classroom the most effective components of one-to-one instruction: attention, feedback, support, encouragement, and self-esteem.
Here are the five ideas that can help you leap to the top of the class:
1. Make reading automatic. Reading is the key to school success and, like any skill, it takes practice. A child learns to walk by practicing until he no longer has to think about how to put one foot in front of the other. And you do the same thing when you learn to read. You are not an automatic reader until you can read with expression, with a sense of meaning of the sentences rather than read one word at a time, without expression or meaning.
2. Win equal opportunity in the classroom. Sitting in the same classroom, different students get very different educations. Teachers often tend to give most of their attention to a handful of students, usually the top third of the class. If you think that you are not getting an equal-opportunity education, discuss it with your teacher. Let your teacher know what’s on your mind. Just raising the question will make your teachers take a closer look at what they’re doing. 3. Learn to think. Are you learning to remember information — or to use it? Do you memorize a math formula, or do you learn how it applies to all the circles of your life? According to Bloom, about 95 percent of today’s teaching focuses on the “lower mental process” — rote死记硬背 learning of grammar, multiplication tables乘法表, historical names and dates. Most teachers spend very little time on the “higher mental processes.” — problem-solving, analyzing and interpreting. When you improve your thinking skills there is a gain in rote learning too. Knowing what an idea or a principle means, and how it can be applied, helps you learn better and remember longer.
4. Have classmates help. More and more schools are trying teamwork or, as educators call it, “cooperative learning.” There are a number of ways to organize these teams, but two things are essential. First, youngsters need a reward — praise, a certificate of recognition — for doing well as a team. Second, the teams’ success must depend on how well each member learns. It’s the good
side of peer pressure. There are also important bonuses to team study. Self-esteem goes up. Students learn the value of cooperation and develop better attitudes toward classmates with different social backgrounds or physical handicaps.
5. Educate at home. According to the experts, what happens in your home is a better predictor预言者、前兆、缘由 of success in school than in any I.Q. or achievement test. The home environment has great impact on how a child learns. It is as important as the quality of teachers or curriculum. In the homes of top achievers, homework and reading are given priority over play or television; parents encourage their children’s intellectual interests and praise school achievement. Family members talk together and do things together.
Inside almost every poor to average student, there’s a smart kid yearning to渴望闯出来 get out. With these ideas, we can help to unlock that potential.
Unit 8
Text comprehension I. A
II. 1. T; 2. T; 3. F; 4. F; 5. F. III.
1. Paragraph 2. Because global warming may be the single largest threat to our planet（the earth）. Low-lying nations could be awash in seawater, rain and drought patterns across the world could change, hurricanes could become more frequent, and El Ninos could become more intense.
2. Paragraph 3. Our factories, power plants, and cars burn coal and gasoline and spit out carbon dioxide, produce methane by allowing our trash to decompose in landfills and by breeding large herds of methane-belching cattle, and release nitrogen oxide by using nitrogen-based fertilizers. 3. Paragraph 4. The increased concentrations of greenhouse gases prevent additional thermal radiation from leaving the Earth, so cause the global warming.
4. Paragraph 7. A slight increase in heat and rain in equatorial regions would increase vector-borne带菌媒介引起的 diseases such as malaria; more intense rains and hurricanes could cause more severe flooding and more deaths in coastal regions and along riverbeds; even a moderate rise in sea level could threaten the low-lying islands; hotter summers could lead to more cases of heatstroke, hospital admissions and deaths among vulnerable people with heart problems or respiratory problems.
5. Paragraph 8 and 10. We can curb our consumption of fossil fuels and use technologies to reduce the emission of heat-trapping gases like carbon二氧化碳 dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides, and protect the forests in the world, and we can also advocate policies that will combat global warming over the long term, things like clean cars, environmentally responsible renewable energy technologies, and stopping the clear-cutting of valuable forests. IV.
1. Global warming will probably be the most serious threat to our Earth, if we do not take into account of some other possible disasters, such as another world war, collision of our Earth with some small orbiting planet, or spread of incurable diseases.
2. In terms of human health, the people of the poorer countries will suffer most, because their countries do not have money to protect them when climate changes.
Structural analysis
Sub-ideas in the second part.
1) the causes of the rising concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (Paragraphs 3 and 4)
2) the effect of such concentration on climate change (Paragraphs 5 and 6)
3) the potential threat of global warming to human health and survival (Paragraph 7) Part one. Vocabulary 1 Phrase
1. with the exception of: except, apart from 除……之外， 不包括……在内 2. In essence = essentially, basically 本质上，根本上 3. wherever possible: whenever it is possible 只要可能 4. over the long term: over a long period 从长远看 5. alternative = substitutable, different, replaceable II.
1. focus; 2. much the same; 3. consciousness; 4. threat; 5. deserved; 6. decomposed; 7. revealed; 8. frequent.
III. Word derivation
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.
1. Her natural good sense was improved by the perusal (peruse) of the best books.
2. Efforts to reach the injured men have been intensified (intense) because of a sudden deterioration of weather conditions.
3. I knew he deserved to be punished but making him stay in every night for a year is a little excessive (excess).
4. Theories of the origin of life are partly speculative (speculate), since there is so little direct evidence available.
5. This is a book that contains an abundance (abundant) of valuable information.
6. The cost of the flights, accommodation and car rental is two thousand dollars inclusive (include).
7. When an iron object is heated in a fire, it glows red and emits (emission) radiation. 8. We hardly ever go into London. Whatever we need we can buy locally (local). 1. peruse v. 熟读，精读
perusal n. 熟读，精读；仔细研究 e.g. 他每天都要读各种报纸。
He perused the newspapers every day. 2. intense a. 强烈的，剧烈的，热烈的 intensify v. 增强，强化；加剧 intensive n. 强烈的；密集的
intensification n. 增强，加强，强化
e.g. 我的工作非常紧张，以至于我没有时间休息。
My work is so intense that I even have no time to take a rest. 我的初次失败更坚定了我成功的信念。
My first failure only intensified my desire to succeed. 我们有十天的强化训练。
We have ten days of intensive training.
3. excess a. 过量的，额外的 excessive a. 过多的，过分的
e.g. 这个胖男孩节制饮食以减轻过量的体重。
The fat boy went on a diet to get rid of his excess weight. 4. speculate v. 推测，好奇
speculation n. 沉思，推测；投机
speculative a. 推测的，推理的；投机的 speculator n. 投机者，投机商人 e.g. 我猜想的全错了。
My speculations proved totally wrong. 他是一个冷酷的投机者。 He is a ruthless speculator.
5. abundant a. 丰富的，充裕的 abundance n. 丰富，充裕
abundantly ad. 大量地，丰富地 e.g. 今年的农产品很丰富。
The agricultural commodities are abundant this year. 这个国家拥有丰富的资源。
This country has an abundance of valuable resources. 6. include v. 包括，包含 including prep. 包含，包括
inclusive a. 包含……在内的，包罗广泛的 e.g. 账单中包含服务费。 The bill includes service.
他们有很多宠物，狗就有三只。
They have many pets, including three dogs. 7. emission n. 散发；发射 emit v. 发出，放射；吐露 e.g. 干酪散发出强烈的气味。
The cheese was emitting a strong smell. 8. local a. 地方性的；当地的，局部的 locally ad. 在本地，在当地
e.g. 当地大多数的居民靠打渔为生。
Most of the local population depend on fishing for their income. IV.
1. A; 2. D; 3. B; 4. C; 5. D; 6. A; 7. C; 8. A. V. Synonym / Antonym
Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used. 1. Global warming results primarily from human activities that release heat-trapping gases and particles into the air.
Synonym: mainly, basically, firstly
2. Fortunately, we can take actions to slow down global warming. Antonym: unfortunately, unluckily
3. The most important causes include the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, gas, and oil, and
deforestation. Antonym: exclude
4. Twenty-five years ago if you made a trip to the library and perused the periodical section for articles on global warming, you’d probably have come up with only a few abstracts from hardcore science journals or maybe a blurb in some esoteric geopolitical magazine. Synonym: part, division
5. That’s an increase of roughly 1°C every 4,000 years. Antonym: decrease, lowering
6. Much of the available climate data appear to back these fears. Antonym: unavailable
7. All across the globe, hotter summers could lead to more cases of heat stroke and deaths among those who are vulnerable, such as older people with heart problems. Synonym: weak, insecure, unsafe
8. … things like clean cars that run on alternative fuels, environmentally responsible renewable energy technologies, and stopping the clear-cutting of valuable forests. Antonym: irresponsible VI. Prefix
Write in each space one word that has the same prefix as underlined in each given word. 1. centigrade centimeter 2. kilogram kilometer 3. synopsis synthetic 4. supervise superior 5. submarine submerge 6. astronaut astronomy
7. microbiology microwave 8. overwork overload 1. Explanation:
centi-: one hundredth
e.g. centigram, centiliter, centimeter 2. Explanation: kilo-: one thousand
e.g. kilowatt, kilobyte, kilohertz 3. Explanation: syn-: synonymous
e.g. synonym, synonymy, synchronous 4. Explanation:
super-: extremely, more or better than normal
e.g. superhuman, supercomputer, superconductor, superego 5. Explanation:
sub-: below; less than; under e.g. sub-zero, subway, subset 6. Explanation:
astro-: connected with the stars or outer space e.g. astrophysics, astrology, astronomer
7. Explanation:
micro-: small; on a small scale
e.g. microchip, micro-organism, microbe, microcosm 8. Explanation:
over-: more than usual; too much
e.g. overconfident, overanxious, over-optimistic II Grammar Exercises
1. The present perfect tense vs. the simple past tense
The simple past refers to the definite past. The present perfect refers to “the past with present relevance.” The action or state denoted by the present perfect tense, though referring to some indefinite happening in the past, has some connection with the present. Hence, if an action or state happened in the past and has no connection with the present, it will have to be expressed by the simple past.
Compare: His father has been a teacher all his life. (His father is still alive.) His father was a teacher all his life. (His father is now dead.)
I. Complete the following sentences using the appropriate verb forms. 1. began / / have had 2. A: Have // talked B: Have talked // talked
3. He __has invented__ (invent) hundreds of things. He is one of the most productive inventors of our generation.
4. have // telephoned // went 5. have been
6. has got (gotten) 7. has been
8. have forgotten
9. A: Is your father at home?
B: No, I’m afraid he ___has gone____ (go) out. A: When exactly __did he go___ (he, go) out? B: About ten minutes ago. 10. was // has disappeared. II. III.
1. a. simple present form; b. “has obtained”.
2. synonymous a. the speaker’s point of view; b. the listener’s perspective. 3. a. definite; b. indefinite 4. a. still suffering; b. past
5. a. on the way or in Italy; b. left Italy. 6. a. in the morning; b. after the morning
7. a. today is not finished and he may drink more; b. simply happened today. 8. a. passed away; b. still living. IV.
1. have had -- have 2. have been – be
3. laying – lying 4. bore – bear 5. Rang -- Rung 6. rised – risen 7. had – has
2. Connectives (because, as, since, seeing that, for, because of)
Because is generally used when the reason is the most important part of the sentence.
As and since are used when the reason is already well known, or is less important than the rest of the sentence. Since is a little more formal than as. As and since clauses often begin the sentence. Clauses of cause-result are introduced by because or as.
Seeing that means the same as since. It is used only in informal speech.
For suggests that the reason is given as an afterthought. For clauses never come at the beginning of the sentence.
The phrase because of is a prepositional phrase, and should be followed by a noun or a noun phrase.
V. Fill in the blanks with because, as, since, seeing that, for or because of. 1. As / Since
2. I’m very sorry but I can’t come to work today __because / as___ I’ve caught a very bad cold. 3. __As / Since / Seeing that____ there is considerable evidence that violence on television may be a contributory factor in the increase of hooliganism, the Independent Television Authority has withdrawn its serial on famous crimes. 4. because 5. because of 6. As / Since 7. for
8. as / because 9. because of
10. In the past insurance companies were often criticized by the public ___for___ delaying payment on claims. VI.
1. As far as … concerned, …. 2. According to ….
Part three. Translation exercises I.
1. 到因特网上查一查就可以证明，全球变暖这个主题在公众意识中已经和麦当娜和微波炉一样根深蒂固了。
2. 如果我们不温室气体的排放，低地国家就可能会遭到海水的冲刷，全世界雨水和干旱的规律就可能发生变化，飓风可能会更加频繁，厄尔尼诺现象也可能更为严重。
3. 我们还主张实施有关，与全球变暖现象进行长期斗争，如驾驶使用替代燃料的清洁汽车、采用有利于环境保护的可再生能源技术，以及阻止滥伐宝贵的森林。
4. 这个问题需要所有的人——包括各国、工业界、社团，以及个人的协同合作，才会有真正的改观。 II.
1. 经过几个月的讨价还价，这两家公司最后达成了一个解决方案，这个方案实质上就是我
们最初的建议。（come up with） Translation:
After months of negotiation, the two companies finally came up with a solution, which was in essence our original proposal.
2. The people of that African tribe worship the moon in much the same way that our ancestors worshipped the sun.
3. 四千多年前古埃及金字塔是如何建成的至今还是个谜。有些人猜测它们是外星人造的。（speculate） Translation:
It is still a puzzle as to how the ancient Egyptian pyramids were built over 4,000 years ago. Some people speculate that they were built by supernatural beings. 4. 非法使用劣质建筑材料最终导致了宾馆的倒塌。（result in） Translation:
The illegal use of inferior building materials eventually resulted in the collapse of the hotel. 5．当前，许多国家正纷纷采取行动，缓解金融危机对经济的冲击。（take action） Translation:
At present, many countries are taking action to mitigate the impact of the financial crisis on their economy.
6. The couple finally divorced after years of incessant quarrels, which had resulted from a lack of understanding.
7. The governments of the two countries agreed to set up a military hotline to reduce the risk of war due to incorrect information.
8. Some Chinese students were not very successful in American universities because they failed to adapt to the new environment there. VI Writing Practice
Paragraph development — the use of quotes
Discussion: Quotation is an effective strategy used for argumentation and other purposes. In arguing, a good quotation in your favor lends you force; one against your viewpoint can also, if you deal it a powerful and accurate blow, help your writing gain momentum. In other writing situations, well-chosen quotes can help you make an emphatic point.
Powerful as there are, quotes couldn’t prove everything. Therefore, you should keep it in mind that don’t overuse or abuse the quotation strategy. Employing too many quotes can halt the smooth flow of your paragraph. Make sure that your quotes fit well into your writing, instead of implicitly or even blatantly contradicting the main message that you intend to convey.
Exercises: Read and consider the following topic sentences and then think of or search for famous quotable sayings on the Internet or from other sources. Develop each paragraph using one or two quotes for each topic.
1. It is hard to overestimate the importance of friendship. Ideas for reference:
Friends are an indispensable part of human’s life.
Friends are the very persons that we get comforts and encouragements. Friends are our best fans whatever we do if it is good for us. Sample:
As the saying goes “Whoever is delighted in solitude is either a wild beast or a god”, friends are
an indispensable part of human’s life. “A person without friends is just like a spring without flowers, a dish without seasoning, and it is absolutely meaningless”, as an ancient writer put it. Needless to say, friends play a significant role in our life. To begin with, friends are the very persons that we get comforts and encouragements we need to go on when our own store of willpower has become depleted. No one is bound to be strong and happy all the time, for life has its own up and down. And whenever we need them, friends will be with us, if not always, at least most of the time. Moreover, friends are our best fans whatever we do if it is good for us. When we put on a play, they will be our audiences; when give a speech, they will be our listeners; when we write a book, they will be our readers. In a word, friends are the very persons that we feel flattered and relaxed no matter what stage we stand on. All in all, we have to say that it is hard to overestimate the importance of friendship and having friends is beneficial. They give us comforts and encouragements; strengths and confidences. Actually, “Truly great friends,” said a writer, “are hard to find, difficult to leave, and impossible to forget.” Therefore, we should cherish our friendship.
2. Setting oneself high goals in life is important. Ideas for reference:
Aim plays a significant role in our life. Setting high goals makes us clearer of life.
Setting high goals helps us use our time more efficiently. Setting high goals turns us more confident. Sample:
As the saying goes “Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass”, aim plays a significant role in our life, especially when we want to make some achievements. For our college students, it is needless to say that setting high goals in life is important. To begin with, setting high goals makes us clearer of life. We aren’t bound to succeed if we have no goal. Only when we have some idea of our life, will we work harder for it. Furthermore, setting high goals helps us use our time more efficiently. Having an aim in mind, we will take different actions at different periods of our college life, thus making us approach our dream closer and closer. Last but not the least, setting high goals turns us more confident. Just as “Rome isn’t built in a day”, our success cannot be achieved overnight. Bearing some goals in mind, we are easier to make progress everyday, thus bringing in more confidence for us. All in all, we have to say that setting high goals is extremely necessary. It gives light to our future and makes us full of energy! If we want to make a difference in life, setting high goals please, for a clear goal determines our destiny!
Unit 9
Text comprehension I. A
II. 1. T; 2. F; 3. F; 4. T; 5. F. III.
1. He means that one is given the right to pursue happiness, but does not know what it is.
2. Because he believes that commercial advertising not only fails to satisfy our desires, but more importantly it creates them, and it creates them faster than any man’s budget can satisfy them. Such insatiability makes people unhappy.
3. Because he thinks that the products and pursuits advertised on the front pages of women’s magazines are dreamlike and can’t be fulfilled.
4. He set two extremes according to Thoreau, the low level and the high level. The former refers to possession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the neighborhood, while the latter refers to active discipline of heightening one’s perception of what is enduring in nature. To find balance is to save time and effort on the low levels and spend on the high.
5. The inherent right is not happiness itself, but lies in the pursuit of happiness, in the pursuit of what is life-engaging and life-revealing, i.e. in the idea of becoming. IV.
1. Jonathan Swift seemed to share this view when he criticized this idea of happiness as the state of being completely controlled by deception …
2. The active exercise or training to improve one’s understanding of what is of lasting value would have been Thoreau’s idea of the high levels, i.e. spiritual happiness. Structural analysis of the text
Part 1 (par. 1, 2):The author points out that when we are not sure what happiness is, we tend to be misled by the idea that we can buy our way to it.
Part 2 (par. 3, 4, 5, 6):The author offers a number of examples to show how this misconception of happiness gives rise to the “happiness-market” in a highly commercialized society (the United States).
Part 3 (par. 7, 8, 9): The author suggests striking a balance between what Thoreau called the low levels and the high levels.
Part 4 (par. 10): The author gives his understanding of happiness, in the light of the Founding Fathers’ belief that it is “in the idea of becoming”. Section Four Consolidation Activities Part one: Vocabulary I. Phrase
1. un-American: not typical of the attitudes, ways of life, etc., that are approved of or considered normal in the US
2. commercialism: the activities or attitudes of people who think that making a profit is more important than anything else; emphasis on the maximizing of profit 商业主义
3. for that matter: it is also true that … (The phrase “for that matter” is used to emphasize that sth., though mentioned second, is also true, important, or relevant as what has been mentioned earlier.) 就此而论，在这方面, 同样 4. face: aspect 方面
5. in nature: essentially 事实上，本质上 II.
1. perpetual; 2. functions; 3. inherent; 4. cited; 5. approaching; 6. flawless; 7. vaguely; 8. disciplining.
III. Word derivation
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.
1. A deer suddenly ran across the road, with a hunting dog in hot pursuit (pursue).
2. I’m sure many businessmen use some kind of deception (deceive) at times, to achieve their objectives.
3. The project has been a success, thanks to the dedication (dedicate) of all of our staff. 4. His first commercial (commercialism) venture was opening a small corner shop. 5. The concert ended with the singers and audience singing patriotic (patriotism) songs.
6. It was so convincing that I had to remind myself that they were fictional (fiction) characters, not real people.
7. Not many people are able to indicate their disapproval (disapprove) without causing offence. 8. The homeless and starving (starvation) refugees of the war were flocking to the cities. 1. pursue v. 追捕，追求；继续从事 pursuer n. 追赶者，追求者 pursuit n. 追求，追赶
e.g. 我知道她的追求者很多。 I know she has many pursuers.
我们为追求幸福生活而努力工作。 We work hard in pursuit of a happy life. 2. deceive v. 欺骗
deception n. ，诡计，欺诈
deceptive a. 迷惑的，虚伪的，诈欺的 deceptiveness n. 迷惑
e.g. 他骗我买了一个假冒产品。
He deceived me into paying for the fake product. 他靠欺骗拿到了钱。
He gets the money by deception. 3. dedicate v. 献出；致力于 dedicated a. 专注的；献身的 dedication n. 奉献
e.g. 她毕生致力于教授英语。
She dedicated her life to teaching English.
我们尊敬他是因为他以无私奉献的精神廉正地为民众服务。
We respect him because he serves the public with dedication and integrity. 4. commercial a. 商业的 commercialize v. 使商业化
commercialism n. 商业主义，营利主义 e.g. 商业电视是有效的广告宣传工具。
Commercial television is an effective medium for advertising. 教育近几年更加商业化了。
Education has become much more commercialized in recent years. 5. patriotism n. 爱国主义，爱国心 patriot n. 爱国者 patriotic a. 爱国的
e.g. 我们都被他的爱国精神深深感动了。 We are all deeply moved by his patriotism. 她热爱她的祖国。
She is a patriot to her country. 6. fiction n. 虚构，杜撰；小说 fictional a. 虚构的；小说的 e.g. 我喜欢读科幻小说。 I like to read science fiction. 7. disapprove v. 不赞成 disapproval n. 不赞成
disapprovingly ad. 不以为然地，不赞成地 e.g. 母亲不同意我们俩人的婚事。 Mother disapproved of our marriage. 他对你的建议很不以为然。
He showed disapproval of your proposal. 8. starve v. 挨饿，受饿，饿死 starvation n. 饿死，饥饿 starving a. 饥饿的
e.g. 那个可怜的老妇人被饿死了。 The poor old lady died of starvation. 我的钱不够用。
I’m starved for money. IV.
1. C; 2. B; 3. D; 4. B; 5. D; 6. A; 7. C; 8. D. V. Synonym / Antonym
Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used. 1. And at the same time the forces of American commercialism are hugely dedicated to making us deliberately unhappy.
Hugely--Synonym: enormously, tremendously;
Deliberately--Antonym: unintentionally, accidentally 2. These, the flawless teeth. Synonym: perfect, spotless
3. This, the perfumed breath she must exhale. Antonym: inhale
4. Happiness is never more than partial. Antonym: impartial, unbiased
5. Thoreau — a creature of both Eastern and Western thought — had his own firm sense of that balance.
Antonym: imbalance
6. We are taught that to possess is to be happy, and then we are made to want. Synonym: have, own
7. He sits immobile, rapt in contemplation, free from his own body. Synonym: fixed, stationary, quiet VI. Prefix / Suffix
Write in each space one word that has the same stem as underlined in each given word. 1. contain obtain 2. concede precede
3. compel repel 4. suspend depend 5. include conclude 6. insist consist 7. descend ascend 8. evolve revolve II Grammar Exercises 1. Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns refer to the person who is doing the action or to whom the action affects. In that way we distinguish two types of personal pronouns: Personal “Subject Pronouns” and Personal “Object Pronouns”. Personal Pronouns as subject (nominative) I You he she it we you they We have some books. as object me you him her it us (accusative and dative) you them The books are for us. A personal pronoun refers to a specific person or thing and changes its form to indicate person, number, gender, and case.
I. Complete the sentences below with suitable pronouns. 1. yourself;
2. __You / We__ can’t always get what __you / we__ want. 3. you / one / we 4. it
5. We all ought to be more tolerant towards __one another____ . 6. They / We 7. myself 8. yourself
9. Someone’s at the door. Who can ___it___ be at this time? 10. I; We; They; us; They; it; we 2. Impersonal it vs. there
In many English sentences, you will find the word “it” or the word “there” in the subject position. These are usually “impersonal” sentences — sentences where there is no natural subject. Impersonal “it” When to use it Talking about weather Identifying something Talking about time Talking about distance Examples It’s raining / cold / sunny. “Who is it?” “It’s me.” “What is it?” “It’s a cat.” “What time is it?” “It’s five o’clock.” “What day is it?” “It’s Thursday.” “How far is it to Toronto?” “It’s 4000 kilometers.” Impersonal “there” Impersonal “there” is used to say that something exists in a particular place: e.g. There is a book on the table. (singular) There are three men in the car. (plural)
II.
There; There; There; There; There; Lucy: It; there; There; It; there. Roberto: There
3. Non-finite clauses and verbless clauses
A non-finite clause is a clause with a non-finite verb phrase as predicator. A verbless clause is a clause without any form of verb element. Non-finite clauses include infinitive clauses, -ing participle clauses, and -ed participle clauses. Both non-finite clauses and verbless clauses can be used with an adverbial meaning, giving information about time, cause, condition, purpose, result, concession as well as accompanying circumstances. e.g. When sleeping, I never hear a thing.
Once published, the book caused a remarkable stir. He opened his lips as if to say something.
Whatever the reason, his cordiality has won him a friend. When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
III. Replace the underlined parts in the following sentences with non-finite clauses or verbless clauses.
1. While flattered, …
2. I was wondering whether I should go upstairs or follow Mr. Maxim to the library. … whether to go upstairs or to follow … 3. Whenever possible, …
4. It is an illness that can result in total blindness if it is left untreated. … if left untreated. 5. … if ready.
6. Though no swimmer, …
7. Once you are over the pass, you will see the town below you. Once over the pass, …
8. Whether by accident or by design, … IV.
1. Once; 2. Though; 3. If; 4. when; 5. whether; 6. Unless; 7. Before; 8. After. V.
1. c; 2. b; 3. b; 4. c; 5. a; 6. d; 7. d; 8. d. VI.
1. clearly …
2. for its own sake Part three: translation
1. Advertising is one of our major industries, and advertising exists not to satisfy desires but to create激起欲望 them — and to create them faster than any man’s budget预算资金 can satisfy them.
广告是一项主要产业，它的存在与其说是为了满足人们的欲望；不如说是为了激发他们的欲望——而且是以超出任何人的收入所能承受的速度激发这些欲望。
2. They were calling 号召upon Americans, as an act approaching实践爱国主义 patriotism, to buy at once, with money they did not have, automobiles汽车 they did not really need, and which they would be required to grow 变得厌倦tired of by the time the next year’s models were
released发布、面世.
他们号召美国公众采取爱国行动，立即用他们并没有的钱去购买他们并不需要的汽车，而且要求他们在第二年的新款汽车问世之前就对它们厌倦。
3. Thoreau certainly disapproved不赞成 of starvation, but he would put into feeding himself only只花最少的功夫填饱肚子以求 as much effort as would keep him functioning能为了更重要的成就而生存和工作 for more important efforts.
梭罗无疑不赞同挨饿，但他花在食物上的精力只是为了让自己得以从事更重要的活动。 4. What they might have underlined, could they have foreseen the happiness-market, is the cardinal最重要的事实 fact that happiness is存在于 in the pursuit itself, in the meaningful pursuit of what is life-engaging人生所参与的 and life-revealing揭示人生的,13 which is to say, in the idea of becoming.
倘若他们能预见到“幸福市场”的话，他们或许会强调这个至为重要的事实，即幸福存在于追求它的过程中，存在于追求值得用生命去追寻、揭示生命真谛的富有意义的过程中，换言之，幸福是一种过程。 III. Translation exercises 1. 1935年10月，中国红军历尽苦难和牺牲，最后终于到达了陕北。（endure, make/ fight one’s way to） Translation:
In October, 1935, the Chinese Red Army, having endured all hardships and sacrifices, finally made / fought their way to the north of Shaanxi province.
2. 在经济危机中，发表了一个声明，号召人们尽可能购买当地的产品。（release, call upon）
Translation:
In the economic crisis, the government released a statement, calling upon the people to buy the local products as far / many as possible.
3. 世界各国政治家们正在尽一切努力利用原子能，恢复人类安全的自然环境。（harness, restore） Translation:
The politicians / statesmen in various countries are trying to harness nuclear energy and restore the safe environment for the human race.
4．他没有听见门铃声，因为他正在聚精会神地工作。(rapt) He didn’t hear the doorbell because he was rapt in his work.
5. 这个国家经常发生，一方面是因为广泛的赤贫现象，另一方面则因为人民对固有的不信任。(inherent)
This country suffers from frequent riots because of widespread extreme poverty, as well as people’s inherent distrust of the corrupt government.
6. 这位经济学家在作关于当前经济形势的报告时，在PPT上用许多具体的数字来强调这场危机的严重性。(underline)
In his lecture on the current economic situation, the economist used a lot of figures on the PPT to underline the seriousness of the crisis.
7. 他笑着回答说，“不用谢。我做这件事不光是为了你，也是为了我自己。”（as much as） Translation:
He answered with a smile, “Not at all. I did this as much for you as for myself.”
8. 评价一个人，并不看他说了什么，而看他为自己的国家和人民做了些什么。(measure)
A man is measured not by what he says, but by what he does for his country and people. VI Writing Practice
Paragraph development — Argumentation
Discussion: Informing the reader of possible objections to our opinion about a debatable issue and then arguing against them is a strategy we often employ to develop a paragraph. To write such a paragraph, we either state our position in the topic sentence and then immediately present a major argument against us, or directly introduce the rival argument in the very first sentence. Then we may need to identify the cause of the argument before we start our attack. Attack fiercely, but also carefully and kindly. Fiercely, because our position must be clear and our criticism must be powerful. Carefully, because we need to pay serious attention to the opposing argument, study it hard and reason logically before we can find the real problems with it. In this way, we argue effectively. We also must argue kindly by acknowledging the sensible, reasonable, or even admirable part of the opposing position. In addition, do not use the first person too often in an argumentative piece. We can use the first person occasionally and employ expressions such as I personally (strongly) believe, in my opinion, I see the issue in this light, etc. However, if we want to make our argument sound really formal and powerful, avoid using the first person, for it would weaken the force of the argument.
Exercises: Write two paragraphs based on the following topic sentences. First anticipate an objection to your viewpoint and then argue against the objection.
1. As an 18-year-old, I strongly believe in expressing my own individuality rather than trying to be “just like everybody else” (OR: believe in conforming to the customs and practices of our society rather than expressing my individuality). Ideas for reference:
Everybody is born unique.
If we just grow to think like others and act like others, we will all become unsuspecting conformists.
A person who wants to be “different” will learn more effectively and efficiently and finally makes a big difference. Sample:
As an 18-year-old, I strongly believe in expressing my own individuality rather than trying to be “just like everybody else.” Everybody is born unique, so am I. The idea encouraged by our parents that follow the “rules” of society and truly conform to the customs and practices of society will help us learn and grow up soundly isn’t completely true. Just as a wise man once put it, “the surest way to corrupt a youth is to instruct him to hold in higher esteem those who think alike than those who think differently.” If we just grow to think like others and hence always act like others, we will all become unsuspecting conformists. No culture would really be healthy and robust if it were made up of conformists and conformists only. What’s more, by thinking and acting differently from the majority, we will learn even more quickly and become mature even sooner. A youth who tries to be “just like everybody else” is like a student who just copies the teacher by rote. And only those who always challenge and question their teachers and textbooks have the potential to excel. A person who wants to be “different” will learn more effectively and efficiently and finally makes a big difference. Therefore, my fellow pals, be our own man or woman please. We will be proud of ourselves by our own personality one day.
2. It is quite a popular belief that the current method of selecting students for higher education
should be eliminated, but I believe in the contrary. Ideas for reference:
The real cause of the fierce competition isn’t the method of selecting students for higher education.
There is limited availability of places in the institutions of higher learning.
Chinese culture overemphasizes the importance of formal schooling for personal development. Sample:
It is quite a popular belief that the current method of selecting students for higher education should be eliminated, but I believe in the contrary. The major argument for the elimination theory is that the college entrance examinations make the competition for college entrance too fierce to be good for the mental as well as physical growth of teenagers, but such an objection actually falls wide of the mark. The real cause of the fierce competition isn’t the method of selecting students for higher education but the limited availability of places in the institutions of higher learning and the culture which overemphasizes the importance of formal schooling for personal development. Firstly, compared with developed countries, China’s higher education is still underdeveloped. Too many students want to go to college, but there are not enough universities available, thus causing fierce competition among students. Secondly, Chinese culture values too much on the importance of formal schooling for personal development. A student who fails to get admitted to a “good” university is often regarded as a failure. From this perspective, we can say that the real problem is not with the current student enrolment method which relies heavily on the matriculation examinations and it isn’t workable to eliminate the exams. Even if we eliminated them, the competition between students would not become any less fierce. Besides, other new problems would arise.
Unit 10
The Jeaning of America
Section Four Consolidation Activities Part One Vocabulary I. Phrase
1. get around: spread 传播，流传，各处走动
e.g. News soon got around that he had been fired. 他被开除的消息很快传开了。 He gets around with the help of a stick. 他拄着拐杖四处走动。
2. draw no distinctions: do not indicate differences / do not distinguish people according to their social status
3. eke out a living: make just enough money to survive 艰难度日
e.g. He ekes out a living at an extremely low economic level. 他勉强过着极为贫困的生活。 One day, while trying to eke out a living for his family, he heard a cry for help coming from a nearby bog. 有一天，他正在地里干活为家人谋生计，突然听见附近沼泽地里传来了呼救声。 4. jump at the opportunity: eagerly seize the opportunity 迫不及待地接受机会
e.g. Others jump at the opportunity to enter fields like engineering and finance. 另外一部分人则迅速抓住这样的机会进入到诸如工程与金融领域。
5. and the like: and people or something of the same kind 诸如此类，类似的人或物
e.g. I like team sports: basketball, football and the like. 我喜欢团队运动，比如篮球、足球，诸如此类的。
Wheat, oats, and the like are cereals. 麦、燕麦等等都属于谷类。 II.
1. favor; 2. sought after; 3. break up; 4. stand up to; 5. had run out of; 6. converts into; 7. adapted to; 8. word of mouth. III. Word derivation
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.
1. Scottish names are common in America because of the emigration (emigrate) of many people from Scotland in the 19th century.
2. Some wildly exaggerated (exaggerate) claims have been made about this so-called “wonder-drug.”
3. The parliamentary system has proved highly adaptable (adapt) to changing circumstances. 4. His sudden conversion (convert) to that movement may make the voters suspicious. 5. The town’s prosperity (prosper) comes from the textile industry.
6. Nowadays it is not so easy to teach middle school students because they are becoming more and more demanding (demand).
7. The final division of Germany was symbolized (symbol) by the completion of the Berlin Wall. 8. Since the recession, many of the successful retailers have recorded reduced profits (profitable). 1. emigrate v. 移居，移民，移居国外 emigration n. 移民
e.g. 他们家从中国移居到美国。
His family emigrated from China to America. 2. exaggerate v. 夸大，夸张 exaggeration n. 夸张，夸大
e.g. 新闻报道肆意夸大了整个事件。
The press exaggerated the whole affair wildly. 我可以毫不夸张地说她是个天使。
I can say without exaggeration that she is an angel. 3. adapt v. 使适应；改编
adaptable a. 能适应的，适应性强的；可改编的 adaptability n. 适应性
adaptation n. 改编，改编成的作品；适应 e.g. 她很快就适应了这种新环境。
She adapted herself quickly to the new environment. 我给我儿子买了为儿童改编的莎士比亚剧本。
I bought my son an adaptation of a Shakespeare’s play for children. 4. convert v. 变换，（使）转变；（使）改变信仰 converter n. 转换器
conversion n. 转变；改变信仰 e.g. 我母亲已转而信仰教。
My mother has converted to Christianity. 改用太阳能集中供暖将节省大笔开支。
Conversion to solar central heating will save you a lot of money. 5. prosper v. 繁盛，兴旺 prosperity n. 繁荣，兴旺
prosperous a. 繁荣的，兴旺的
e.g. 随着新的到来，公司也开始有了起色。
With the advent of the new chairman, the company began to prosper. 我国任何时候都没有现在这样繁荣。
At no time has our country been more prosperous than today. 6. demand v. 要求，需要
demanding a. 要求多的，吃力的 e.g. 我要求道歉。 I demand an apology.
7. symbol n. 符号，标志；象征 symbolic a. 象征的；符号的 symbolize v. 象征；用记号表现 e.g. 心形是爱的象征。
A heart shape is the symbol of love. 那诗人用花象征他的爱人。
The poet has symbolized his lover with a flower. 8. profit n. 利润，利益
profitable a. 有益的，有利的
e.g. 阅读对于各年龄段都很有利。 Reading is profitable for all age groups. IV.
1. A; 2. D; 3. B; 4. D; 5. C; 6. D; 7. B; 8. D. V. Synonym / Antonym
Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used. 1. Blue jeans are favored equally by bureaucrats and cowboys, bankers and deadbeats, fashion designers and beer drinkers. Antonym: unequally
2. They draw no distinctions and recognize no classes: they are merely American. Synonym: simply, just
3. For two years he was a lowly peddler, hauling some 180 pounds of sundries door-to-door to eke out a marginal living.
Synonym: pulling, dragging
4. Strauss had become a man of prominence in California. Synonym: significance, importance
5. Over the ensuing years the company prospered locally, and by the time of his death in 1902, Strauss had become a man of prominence in America. Synonym: following, subsequent
6. They have become, through marketing, word of mouth, and demonstrable reliability, the common pants of America.
Synonym: dependability, durability
7. Strauss had the canvas tailored into a pair of stiff but rugged pants.
Antonym: soft, flexible
8. And then there is the particularly terrifying story of the careless construction worker who dangled fifty-two stories above the street until rescued, his sole support the Levi’s belt loop through which his rope was hooked. Synonym: only VI. Suffix
Write in each space one word that has the same suffix as underlined in each given word. 1. widen quicken 2. symbolize hospitalize 3. productive explosive 4. washable drinkable 5. education foundation 6. foolish childish 7. careless restless 8. atomic heroic 1. Explanation:
-en: to make or become e.g. blacken, sadden, deepen 2. Explanation: -lize: to make into
e.g. industrialize, realize, specialize 3. Explanation:
-ive: having the nature of
e.g. descriptive, impressive, indecisive 4. Explanation:
-able: that can or must be
e.g. capable, taxable, comfortable, fashionable 5. Explanation:
-ation: the action or state of
e.g. hesitation, isolation, congratulation, situation 6. Explanation:
-ish: having the nature of e.g. reddish, tallish, Turkish 7. Explanation:
-less: not doing, not affected by
e.g. tireless, selfless, helpless, hopeless 8. Explanation: -ic: connected with
e.g. economic, scenic, horrific, specific II Grammar Exercises
1. The simple past and the past perfect
We use the past perfect for an action which was completed before a special point of time in the past. We often use the past perfect together with the simple past. The action which was completed before the other action began is put into past perfect.
In simple words, while the simple past refers to a past event, a past habit or a past state, the past perfect refers to past in the past. Past Perfect Timeline
e.g. I had already done the shopping by the time she came home. I was late for work; by the time I arrived the client had already left. I. Put the verbs into the simple past or past perfect.
1. Peter, who ___had waited___ (wait) for an hour since ten o’clock, was very angry with his sister when she eventually ___turned up___ (turn up). 2. differed
3. He __felt__ (feel) calm with the knowledge that everything __had been settled__ (settle). 4. had been read; were 5. refused; had seen / saw 6. had known 7. had spoken
8. My friend explained that the house originally __had been built___ (build) as a monastery but __was converted___ (convert) into a manor when monasteries __dissolved___ (dissolve) under Henry VIII. II.
A: lost; it’s / has been; I’ve / have spent; had always spent; have B: haven’t ever had; don’t have A: found; had just quit
B: sounds; I’ll / shall do; did; I’d / had considered A: I’ve / have just taken III. 1. V
2. had been—was
3. surprising—surprised 4. other—another 5. has—had
6. come—had come 7. have bought—buy
8. never bought—had never bought 9. assuring—assured 10. is—was
2. have … do / doing / done
All nonfinite verb forms, including infinitive (Attention: bare infinitive must be used after have), -ed participle and -ing participle, can be used together with “have”.
“Have … do …” means “to cause … to do something”, and usually it’s order-like. “Have … done” means the subject causes something to be done or dealt with by somebody else. “Have … doing” means to” keep … doing something” or “to allow … to do something”. e.g. Don’t forget to have him come. I won’t have you talking like that.
I intend to have my daughter educated overseas.
IV. Fill in the blanks with the proper forms of the verbs given.
1. repaired 2. educated 3. driving 4. picked 5. talking
6. I won’t have my instructions __disobeyed__ (disobey) in this way. 7. Don’t worry. We’ll soon have you __walking___ (walk) about again. 8. come
3. Adjectives ending in –able or -ible
We can add suffix -able (also -ible) to a noun or a verb to form a new adjective. The suffix -able / -ible means to be able to be done or to have a particular quality or condition. e.g. washable: it can be washed unbreakable: it cannot be broken loveable: easily to be loved knowledgeable: knowing a lot comfortable: of great comfort
V. Give a negative adjective ending with -able or -ible related to the following words. Negative prefixes include -in, -im, -il, -ir, -un, -um, etc.
1. inconceivable; 2. imperturbable; 3. innumerable; 4. irreparable; 5. unendurable; 6. unobjectionable; 7. uncontrollable; 8. unimaginable; 9. ineradicable; 10. unsaleable / unsalable; 11. irreconcilable; 12. inexplicable. 1. agreement 2. eligibility 3. endure 4. vision 5. resist 6. move 7. convert 8. number 9. access 10. repair Key:
1. disagreeable 2. ineligible 3. unendurable 4. invisible 5. irresistible 6. immovable 7. inconvertible 8. innumerable 9. inaccessible 10. irreparable VI.
1. it seems likely…. 2. so much so that … Part Three Translation I.
1. They draw no distinctions and recognize no classes: they are merely American. Translation: 它们不辨身份，不分阶级：唯一的标签就是美国（制造的）。
2. Upon arrival, Levis soon found that his two brothers had exaggerated夸大了 their tales of an easy舒适生活 life in the land of the main赚钱的机会 chance.
一到美国，Levi就发现，他的两个兄弟所说的那里“遍地机会，生计容易”言过其实。
3. Levi’s jeans were first introduced to the East, apparently, during the dude ranch 东部人牧场度假热craze of the 1930s, when vacationing Easterners returned and spread the word about the wonderful pants with rivets.
Levi的牛仔裤被引入东部显然是在20世纪30年代去西部牧场度假的热潮中开始的。当时许多度假回来的东部人口口相传，宣传了这种打了铆钉的神奇裤子。
4. The pants have become a tradition, and along the way have acquired获得了、造就了它们自己的历史 a history of their own — so much 到这样的程度以致so that the company has opened a museum in San Francisco.
这些裤子演变成了一种传统，同时还获得了自己独特的历史——以至于后来公司在旧金山设了一座博物馆。
II. Translation exercises
1. 他分不清法语和西班牙语，更别提说这两种语言了。（draw a distinction） He can’t even draw a distinction between French and Spanish, let alone speak them. 2. 20世纪90年代的文物热中，明清两代传下来的瓷器受到了收藏家的青睐。（craze, seek after）
In a craze for cultural relics in the 1990s, old chinaware, such as those handed down from the Ming and Qing Dynasties, were much sought after by collectors. Practice:
我们不应当贪图安逸，追名逐利。
We mustn’t seek after comfort, personal fame and gains. 艺术家要“追求真理，探究人生”。
Artists should “seek after truth and explore the nature of life”. 3. 这位将军不顾大多数顾问的反对，决定碰碰运气，发动了那场战斗，结果遭到惨败。（take one’s chance[s] on）
Despite the opposition of most of his advisors, the general decided to take his chances on the battle and suffered a total defeat in the end.
4. 中华民族经受了数千年的沧桑，正在重新焕发青春。（stand up to, vicissitudes）
The Chinese nation has stood up to the vicissitudes of thousands of years and is now in the process of rejuvenation. Practice:
勇敢地面对那个混混，以后他就不敢再伤害你了。 Stand up to the bully and he won’t dare to hurt you again. 如果你有时不能大胆地反抗他，老板就认为你是软弱的。
If you don’t stand up to him sometimes, the boss will just think you’re weak. 5. 希望你只讲事实，而不是传播报纸上登的那篇充满偏见的报道。（confine to, spread） I wish you would confine your talk to the facts rather than spread word about the biased report in that newspaper. Practice:
我不能使自己局限于只听到一批顾问的意见。
I can not afford to confine myself to one set of advisers. 看来他并不限于研究医学。
It seems he does not confine his studies to medicine. 6. 他一到巴黎便把手里的钱全部兑换成欧元。（convert into）
The first thing he did after his arrival in Paris was to convert all his money into euros.
7. 这部莎士比亚剧本搬上中国舞台时为迎合中国观众的口味进行了改编，结果它更像一部中国的戏剧，而不是英国的戏剧。（tailor, so much so that）
That Shakespearean play was tailored to the taste of the Chinese audience when it was put on the Chinese stage, so much so that it was more like a Chinese play than an English one. Practice:
我们可以根据你的特殊需要设计保险单。
We can tailor the insurance policy according to your special needs. 市场细分可使银行服务满足客户的需要。
Segmentation of the market allows the bank to tailor its approach to the customers’ requirements. 8. 如果你真想学好英语，就必须有一段时间不再讲母语。（abandon）
You must abandon your native language for some time, if you really want to acquire a good competence in English. VI Writing Practice
Paragraph development — Following the chronological order
Discussion: A paragraph can also be organized chronologically; that is, items, events, or ideas are arranged in the order in which they occur. Such a pattern is often seen in narratives and process descriptions. Look at the following example:
One day, when my friend, Xiao Yang, was leaving a restaurant, two waiters stopped him, calling him “a thief,” and threatened to send him to the police. He was struck dumbfounded and felt confused. Not until he was brought into the manager’s office did he begin to realize what was going on. When he was eating in the restaurant, he found his soup not salty enough to his liking. So he got out a salt bottle that he had brought with him and added some salt into it. As a man from North China, he invariably finds food in Shanghai too sweet and not salty enough, so he often goes around carrying a salt shaker, a very fancy bottle, in his pocket. After he used the shaker, he put it on the table. A few moments later, when he looked up from his plate, he suddenly found his beautiful bottle missing. He first looked under the table, and then checked all his pockets, but it was just nowhere to be found … Eventually he spotted a woman at a nearby table holding his shaker in her hand ……
Most of the sentences are connected together with time linking words and expressions such as when, before, until, then, eventually, finally, suddenly, a few moments later, etc. Actually some verbs, such as begin, follow, and end, also indicate a transition in time. What is particularly worth the attention of Chinese learners of English is the use of the past perfect tense for a brief recount of what happened before the action or event described in the previous sentences. Chinese students usually have no problem in understanding sentences involving a past perfect tense, but many of them are not good users of it.
Exercises: Develop two paragraphs based on the first sentences given. 1.
The funniest experience that I’ve ever had is once when I was jogging in a park. Ideas for reference:
It was a fine morning and it was breezing.
It seemed that he would stick to me wherever I would go. It had all happened because of a mistake. Sample:
The funniest experience that I’ve ever had is once when I was jogging in a park. It was a fine morning and it was breezing. I was running slowly along a trail and suddenly, a young man, fifteen or sixteen years old, showed up a few meters ahead, and smiled to me. I didn’t know who he was and where he had come from. I smiled back and went along past him. Then I noticed that he began to jog behind me, very close, almost on my heels. I didn’t feel anything weird about it until ten minutes later: I realized that he had been deliberately following me. Whenever I slowed down, he would slow down as well, and the very moment I picked up a bit speed, he would do likewise. Finally I stopped and walked towards a bench close by. Strange enough but somewhat expected, he stopped jogging as well and just came after me. It seemed that he would stick to me
wherever I would go. I just went up to the bench and turned back. I was beginning to sit down when he suddenly said, “A moment please!” and then began to wipe the seat with a towel. Watching what he had done, I was all puzzled. I looked at him, not knowing what to say except a “thank you.” I sat down and turned to him, waiting for an explanation, when he suddenly knelt down, saying, “Master Liang, please take me as your student. I’ll work hard and become one of your best students and earn credit to you.” A moment later, all my suspicion was gone. It had all happened because of a mistake: he said that I looked very much like a kungfu master that he admired the most and who often exercised in the park. What a pity, for I wasn’t the master. But we both felt happy, because that was a memorable morning for both of us. 2. Every Monday morning is about the same to me. Ideas for reference:
I am a simple person and live a simple life.
I always keep alert until the very end of the class. At that time most of us feel just exhausted. Sample:
I am a simple person and live a simple life. Every Monday morning is nearly the same to me. I always wake up between 6 and 6:15. The very first thing that I do after or even before I open my eyes is to fumble for my mobile phone. Then, I get up and pull on my gym clothes for half an hour’s exercise on the sports ground of the university, with my meal bowls close by — after the exercise I will go straight to our cafeteria for breakfast. Right after breakfast, I go back to my dorm to change clothes and pick textbooks and stuff for today’s lessons. The first class, Reading, starts at 8, but not always, because the teacher can be occasionally late. The next class is Translation Practice which is both fun and challenging. It is fun because the teacher is humorous and witty. But don’t chew over any of his quotable remarks for too long, because he has moved on and is ready to challenge you with a tricky question at any time, if he picks a signal which says that you are not following his lecture. So I always keep alert until the very end of the class, 11:30, when we leave for the cafeteria. At that time most of us feel just exhausted and we are too tired to rush to the cafeteria. We just drag our feet along. My lunch on Monday usually takes 45 minutes, 10 minutes longer than the other days, because I need the extra time to recover and get ready for the boring and long afternoon that is to come.
Unit 11
Text comprehension
I. B. II. 1. T; 2. T; 3. F; 4. T. Structural analysis of the text
In the first five paragraphs the author gives his comment on one of our common experiences: being hurt and hating the person who hurts us. Then he moves on to give advice on the right approach to the matter: forgiving the person and heaing our wound.
After offering some suggestions about how to achieve forgiveness, the author presents the opposite view—“forgiveness is a sign of weakness” (Paragraph 19), which prepares the ground for his counter-argument in the subsequent paragraphs. The author winds up the essay with his
conviction that forgiveness is a godlike act of creation. Section Four Consolidation Activities Part One. Vocabulary I.
1. face up to: confront bravely
2. let go of: stop holding something 放开，松手
3. be let off the hook: be allowed to get away without being punished 摆脱困境，逃避惩罚 4. eye for an eye: every injury should be paid back; retaliation 以牙还牙
5. vicious circle: a situation in which the effect of one problem creates another, and causes the first problem to return 恶性循环 II.
1. guidelines; 2. promoted; 3. reconciled; 4. vicious circle; 5. worth; 6. keep; 7. compelled; 8. forge.
III. Word derivation
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.
1. Freud’s approach to the analysis of dreams is highly compelling (compel).
2. We have yet to hear any acknowledgement (acknowledge) from them that a problem actually exists.
3. The survey showed that women were paid at lower rates than men and had less chance of promotion (promote).
4. There was no hope of a reconciliation (reconcile) between the families.
5. After weeks of discussion the two sides have reached a mutually (mutual) acceptable settlement. 6. Sometimes it was difficult to talk to her — it was like talking to a / an invisible (visible) wall. 7. The police were obviously anticipating a confrontation (confront) as they were heavily armed. 8. The denial (deny) by the factory management about its emission of polluted water into the river was proved a lie in the court.
1. compel v. 强迫，迫使，使不得已 compelled a. 强迫的
compelling a. 有说服力的 e.g. 大雪迫使我们呆在户内。
The heavy snow compelled us to stay indoors. 他强迫他的女儿读她不喜欢的科目。
He compelled his daughter to study the subject she does not like. 2. acknowledge v. 承认，公认，告知收到，表示感谢，注意到 acknowledgement n. 承认，确认，感谢 e.g.他不愿认输。
He is unwilling to acknowledge defeat. 对我的申请，我还没有收到回信。
I didn’t receive an acknowledgement of my application. 3. promote v. 促进；提升，升迁； 促销 promotion n. 晋升；促进；提升 promotional a. 推销的；晋升的 e.g. 锻炼可增进健康。 Exercise promotes health.
在这家公司里提升的机会很多。
There are good chances of promotion in this firm. 4. reconcile v. 和解，调和，妥协 reconciliation n. 和解，调和
e.g. 我们试图让她和她的父母和好。 We tried to reconcile her with her parents. 5. mutual a. 共同的，相互的 mutually ad. 相互，共同 e.g. 爱是相互的。 Love is mutual.
6. visible a. 可见的，看得见的 invisible a. 看不见的，无形的
e.g. 从我旅馆房间的窗户可以望到大山。
The mountain is visible from the window of my hotel room. 7. confront (v.) 面临，对抗，遭遇
confrontation (n.) 对审，面对面，面对 e.g.士兵常常要身临险境。
A soldier often has to confront danger. 8. deny v. 否认，拒绝给与 denial n. 否认，拒绝
e.g. 他的回答几乎等于拒绝。 His reply approaches to a denial. IV.
1. B; 2. D; 3. D; 4. A; 5. D; 6. C; 7. C; 8. A. V. Synonym / Antonym
Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used. 1. We all muddle our way through a world where even well-meaning people hurt one another. Synonym: well-intentioned
2. In fact, forgetting too soon may be a dangerous way to escape forgiving’s inner surgery. Antonym: outer, external
3. Our sense of fairness tells us that people should pay for the wrong they do. Antonym: unfairness, partiality, injustice
4. For most of us, however, it is not easy to forgive. Synonym: pardon, excuse
5. A man whose friend has betrayed him hopes the friend will be fired from his job. Synonym: discharged, dismissed, sacked
6. But the fury denied rages beneath the surface and infects all our relationships. Synonym: below, under
7. We must finally be reconciled with our foe, lest we both perish in the vicious circle of hatred. Synonym: enemy, opponent
8. A woman wishes her former husband would be miserable with his new wife. Antonym: current, present VI. Word abbreviation
Provide in each space the full form for each shortened form.
1. WTO World Trade Organization / World Tourism Organization 2. WHO World Health Organization 3. UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 4. EU European Union 5. FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation 6. ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations 7. DIY do it yourself 8. UFO unidentified flying object Part Two: Grammar Exercises 1. Use of pronouns
Pronouns are varied closed-class words with nominal function. English has a developed pronoun system, comprising personal pronouns such as I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, them, possessive pronouns such as my, mine, your, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, your, yours, their, theirs, reflexive pronouns such as myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves, reciprocal pronouns such as one another, each other, demonstrative pronouns such as this, that, these, those, interrogative pronouns such as who, whom, whose, what, which, relative pronouns such as who, whom, whose, that, which and indefinitive pronouns such as somebody, anybody, everybody, nobody, someone, anyone, everyone, no one, something, anything, everything, nothing, all, another, any, both, each, few, neither, none, some, etc. e.g. There’s somebody at the door. Did anybody ever hear of such a thing? I. Fill in the blanks with pronouns.
1. I have told the police ___all____ I know about the burglary. I can’t tell you ____anything___ more. 2. all;
3. The Titanic may be at the bottom of the sea, but ________ is never forgotten. 4. ones; 5. I, I; 6. anything; 7. Anybody; 8. none;
9. Have you seen my watch? I’ve looked all over the house but I can’t find __it___ anywhere. 10. something, anyone/ anybody. 2. Use of determiners
Words that precede any premodifying adjectives in a noun phrase and which denote such referential meanings as specific reference, generic reference, definite quantity or indefinite quantity are referred to as determiners.
1) Determiners with all three classes of nouns
Determiners such as possessive determiners, genitive nouns and the definite article as well as some, any, no, the other, and whose can go with all the three classes of nouns. e.g. the car the cars the money his car his cars his money
some book some books some money
2) Determiners with singular count nouns only Determiners such as a(n), one,
another, each, every, either, neither, many a, such a can only collocate with singular count nouns.
e.g. each worker every student either book neither boy 3) Determiners with plural count nouns only
Determiners such as both, two, three, etc., another two / three, many, (a) few, several, these, those, a (great) number of can only collocate with plural count nouns. e.g. both workers (a) few words several girls these / those tourists 4) Determiners with noncount nouns only
Determiners such as a (little) bit of, a great amount of, a great deal of, (a) little, much, less, least can only collocate with noncount nouns.
e.g. much noise (a) little courage a bit of fun a large amount of money less oil 5) Determiners with singular and plural count nouns only
Determiners such as the first, the second, the last, the next can go with either singular or plural count nouns.
e.g. the first rose / roses the last man / men the next meeting / meetings 6) Determiners with singular and noncount nouns only
Determiners such as this, that can collocate with either singular or noncount nouns. e.g. this / that job this / that work
7) Determiners with plural and noncount nouns only
Determiners such as a lot of, lots of, plenty of, enough, most, such, other can go with plural and noncount nouns, but not with singular nouns.
e.g. enough copies enough bread more essays more time most people This class of determiners may also include less and least,
normally occur with noncount nouns, but in present-day English, especially in informal style, may occasionally occur with plural nouns.
e.g. Less and less people can afford to go abroad for their holidays. Political programs on TV attract the least viewers.
(This use of less and least is regarded by some as non-standard.) II. Correct the errors, where found, in the following sentences.
1. He’s invited to a lot of parties and he goes to everyone. –every one 2. I would like to visit each country in the world. –every
3. When I was on holiday, my whole luggage was stolen. –all my luggage 4. I like living on myself. – on my own地 / by myself 5. the –a 6. OK
7. a little –little
8. most my spar time –most of my 3. Use of genitive case of nouns
Case is a grammatical term. It denotes the changes in the form of a noun or a pronoun showing its relationship both grammatically and semantically with other words in a sentence. The genitive case of nouns is formed by adding ’s to nouns.
e.g. my mother’s arrival, women’s clothes, my mother-in-law’s death, an hour’s work
Certain semantic relations between noun phrases may be expressed by a genitive in premodification or by a prepositional phrase (usually an of- phrase) in postmodification. e.g. the trunk of an elephant, the foreign policy of China, the arrival of the prime minister III.
1. depict; possess
2. non-unique; definite 3. disapproval; fact 4. informal; formal 5. glass; wine
6. bag / for shopping; shopping / in a bag 7. vegetables; garden
8. owners; existing in / England and America
II. Rephrase the following sentences, using the correct possessive forms. 1. I am taking a holiday for a week. I am taking a week’s holiday. 2. John and Peter’s 3. two minutes’ walk 4. Charles’ bicycle
5. Three men helped to organize the school sports day. They were the fathers of Robert, Peter and Henry.
Three men helped to organize the school sports day. They were Robert’s, Peter’s and Henry’s fathers.
6. of my cat’s kittens
7. I had a cup of coffee in the buffet on the station. I had a cup of coffee in the station buffet. 8. our heart’s content V.
1. b; 2. a; 3. b; 4. a; 5. a; 6. c; 7. c; 8. b. VI.
1. Suppose： 2. lest：
Part Three Translation exercises I.
1. Admitting our hate compels us to make a decision about the surgery医治灵魂 of the soul we call forgiving. （par. 7）
承认仇恨将迫使我们做出决定，是否要对我们的灵魂进行可以称之为“宽恕”的手术。
2. When he said how sorry he was that his support could not convince the dean, she pretended to believe him. But she could not keep up the duplicity.
当他说他的支持没能打动院长，因此感到非常抱歉时，她假装相信了他，可她无法保持这种两面性。
3. Forgiving is finding a new 新面孔vision of the person who has wronged错待了我们 us, the person stripped解脱掉他的罪过 of his sins — who really lives beneath the cloak of 他的恶行的阴影之中his wrongdoing
宽恕意味着用一种新的眼光去审视伤害我们的人，排除他的过错（姑且将他的罪过搁置一边），看看那不道德的外衣下究竟是一个什么样的人。
4. If we all live by the “eye for an eye” brand of justice, the whole world will be blind. (Paragraph 20)
Translation: 如果我们都遵循“以牙还牙、以眼还眼”的司法模式（公平方式），那么整个世界
都将陷入盲目行动之中。 II.
1. 我的论文超过了一万字，最后不得不删掉了几段，以满足该学术期刊的要求。（cut out） Translation:
As my article was over 10,000 words, I finally had to cut out several paragraphs to satisfy the requirements of the academic journal. Practice:
我们把不重要的细节删掉。
Let us cut out the unimportant details.
我把那些我认为没有价值的东西删除了。
I have cut out some of the material which I found to be of little value. 2. 事实是无法逃避的，必须直面，为自己的错误付出代价。（face up to） Translation:
There is no running away from the facts, so we must face up to the truth and pay for our mistakes. Practice:
一个结婚的人必须承担他的责任。
A married man has to face up to his responsibilities. 人才外流是一个全球性的问题，不能面对这一新现实的国家，就将失去一些最为宝贵的资源。 The brain drain is a universal phenomenon, and countries that don’t face up to the new reality will be losing some of their most precious resources.
3. 那一年，他虽然遭受了一场车祸，但还是通过了所有学校要求的考试，升入了下一个年级。（promote）
That year, despite the car accident, he was promoted to the next grade after he passed all the exams required by the school.
4. 那个国家的知识分子对新的福利持强烈的批评态度，他们认为这将降低劳动人民的生活水平。（be critical of）
The intellectuals of that country were very critical of the government’s new social welfare policy because, according to them, it would bring down the living standards of the working people. 5. 要消除他们之间的怨恨固然很困难，但至少值得尝试一番。（resentment, be worth doing） It is, to be sure, difficult to remove the resentment between them, but it is at least worth trying. 6. 正在采取一切措施把物价压下去，以防止通货膨胀失控。（bring down, lest） Translation:
The government is taking all possible measures to bring down the prices lest inflation should get out of control. Practice:
在新政的压力下，杂货商们同意降低几种基本商品的成本。
Under the pressure of the new policy, grocers have agreed to bring down the cost of several basic commodities.
如果不加反击，恐怖行为不仅可以摧毁大楼，还会威胁合法的稳定存在，这是我们所不能容忍的。
Terror, unanswered, can not only bring down buildings; it can threaten the stability of legitimate governments. And we will not allow it.
7. 那个谋杀犯否认了一切指控，我们不得不提出更多的证据让评审团相信他是有罪的。（deny, convince）
As the murder denied all the charges, we had to convince the jury with more evidence that he was guilty. 8．和妻子分居多年之后，他终于宽恕了她的不忠，和她言归于好了。（infidelity, be reconciled with）
Translation:
Finally he managed to forgive his wife’s infidelity and was reconciled with her after years of separation.
Finally he managed to forgive his wife for her infidelity and was reconciled with her after years of separation. Practice:
许多年以后，她和婆婆和解了。
After many years, she was reconciled with her husband’s mother. 吃鱼与素食主义有矛盾吗?
Can eating fish be reconciled with vegetarianism? VI Writing Practice
Paragraph development — Repetition and substitution
Discussion: A paragraph has to be unified in some way to make sense. To achieve such unity, we usually have to stick to one line of development and a limited number of relevant subjects and objects. That means we need to refer back to previously mentioned things constantly.
Very often we can also move from specific objects to their generic name, as is done in the following two sentences:
Large cars and lorries are not advised to use this route. These vehicles should take the other road. Synonymic substitution is almost as common. For example:
People in love often speak in foolish ways, and their friends are bound to find those lovebirds funny, even ridiculous, now and then.
In writing we substitute one word or phrase for another all the time in order to avoid repetition. Exercise: Write two paragraphs based on the first sentences given below. While writing, use the repetition strategy where it is necessary and the substitution technique where it is fit, so that your writing might be coherent and clear, but not boring because of unnecessary repetition. 1. College students have all kinds of worries and anxieties. Ideas for reference:
College isn’t a problem-free land, and college students also suffer from all kinds of worries and anxieties.
Freshmen need to think carefully about how to handle well their free time.
Sophomores and juniors may be troubled by whether to take part-time jobs or not. Seniors may worry about what they can do and where they should go after graduation. Sample:
College isn’t a problem-free land, and college students also suffer from all kinds of worries and anxieties. For the freshmen, they need to think carefully about how to handle well their free time. College is so different from high school. In college, students don’t need to have lessons all day long; they don’t need to do so many excises; they don’t need to have extra lessons in the weekends. In a word, they have a lot of free time to do whatever they want. In this case, some freshmen may abuse the freedom and waste their time playing online games day and night or skipping classes constantly. Some smarter ones may be keenly aware of their problems but they just cannot make a
change by themselves. For the sophomores and juniors, some may be troubled by whether to take part-time job or not. By doing part-time jobs, they can, on the one hand, get some money and relieve their parents’ burden; on the other hand, they can accumulate some working experience and know better about the society as well as sharpen their mind. However, these may gain at the expense of their valuable time. Others may be troubled by whether to further their study or not. Graduate schools have high requirements on academy. If a student wants to have a chance to study in a graduate school, he or she may sacrifice most of his or her free time to prepare for it. Therefore, they have a lot of pressure. For the seniors, they may worry about what they can do and where they should go after graduation. The competition in the job market is becoming more and more severe, and that is a great challenge for the graduates. Although they have spent four years on college and have taken all kinds of lessons, college students are still not confident about themselves. Job hunting is a big issue lingering in their mind. All in all, college life isn’t trouble-free, and college students also have a lot to worry about.
2. Every Chinese college student should become a guardian of the environment (an environment protector).
Ideas for reference:
Chinese economy has been growing fast.
Environment has exerted great pressure: water is polluted, the ecological system is disturbed, and natural resources have been excessively used.
Urgent problems need serious and immediate attention.
College students should set a good example for the whole Chinese society by taking pro-environmental actions. Sample:
Every Chinese college student should become a guardian of the environment (an environment protector). Since reform and opening to the outside world, Chinese economy has been growing fast. As a result, Chinese people’s living standard is improving and tourism is flourishing. But at the same time, the environment has exerted great pressure: water is polluted, the ecological system is disturbed, and natural resources have been excessively used. All these urgent problems need serious and immediate attention. College students, as a community better educated than the average, should set a good example for the whole Chinese society by taking pro-environmental action, engaging in environment-friendly practices and improving their own environment-related behavior. The global awareness of the current environmental deterioration is another important reason for Chinese college students to become protectors of the environment. For the past decade, China has been preoccupied with economic growth in order to catch up with the most developed countries in the world. However, our environmental awareness has been lagging behind. Since environmental issues have dominated the agendas of most advanced countries, we should seriously study environmentalist values and concepts, lest China lose the common ground shared with the rest of the world. Young people receiving higher education today will be the most active participants in China’s international exchanges and interaction tomorrow. Therefore, they should act like Greenpeace keepers and try their best to let more and more people realize the importance of sustainable development. As long as all Chinese college students take actions, the country’s environmental quality will be improved and China’s international image will become better and better.
Unit 12
Text comprehension
I. C. II. 1. T; 2. F; 3. F; 4. T; 5. T. Section Four Consolidation Activities Part One. Vocabulary Analysis I. Phrase practice
1. alone: by itself 独自，单独
e.g. The house stands alone in an acre of land. 房子孤零零地坐落在一大片田野间。
The man walking alone in the street is my teacher. 那个独自走在街道上的人是我的老师。 2. comparably aged youths: young people of similar ages
3. for fear of: in case of; because of anxiety about 以免，生怕
e.g. He got up very early for fear of being late. 他起得很早以免迟到。
He did not go to school for fear of being punished. 他因害怕被惩罚而没有去学校。 4. authority figures: officials and experts 权威人物
e.g. The safest method of reporting news is to reproduce the words of authority figures. 报道新闻最安全的方法是重复权威人物的言辞。
5. summit meetings: meetings between top leaders 峰会
e.g. The summit meetings about the environment will be held next month. 有关于环境的峰会将在下个月举行。
The summit meetings held in China ended in a great success. 在中国举行的峰会结束。 II.
1. warrant; 2. legitimate; 3. survey; 4. called for; 5. juvenile; 6. self-esteem; 7. revolutionizing; 8. crisis.
III. Word derivation
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.
1. The accident at the nuclear power station at Chernobyl proved tragic (tragedy) for the people in the surrounding territory.
2. My work involves a lot of statistical (statistics) analysis of data.
3. Ski instructors should warn beginners to keep off potentially (potential) dangerous slopes. 4. It was distressing (distress) to see such bloody battle scenes being shown on TV.
5. The boy’s behaviour is probably a reaction (react) against continual pressure from his parents. 6. Failure to pay the community tax may result in prosecution (prosecute) and imprisonment.
7. Unsuccessful implementation (implement) of the proposals could have disastrous financial consequences.
8. Pressure groups are demanding Egypt’s immediate transformation (transform) into a strict Islamic state.
1. tragedy n. 悲剧，灾难 tragic a. 悲剧的，悲惨的
e.g. 没多久，灾难又再次降临。
It was not long before tragedy struck again. 2. statistics n. 统计，统计数字；统计学 statistical a. 统计的；统计学的
e.g. 那位在统计表前加了一段说明文字。
The official prefixed an explanatory note to the list of statistics. 3. potential a. 可能的，潜在的 potentiality n. 可能性，潜力 potentially ad. 潜在地
e.g. 教育能开发人的潜能。
Education develops potential abilities. 它是一个有畅销潜力的新发明。
It is a new invention with a big sales potentiality. 4. distress n. 痛苦，苦恼，不幸 distressed a. 苦恼的
distressing a. 使人痛苦的，令人烦恼的 e.g. 他的放荡行为使他的父母极为苦恼。
His wild behavior was a great distress to his parents. 是什么事情使你看起来如此烦恼？ What are you looking so distressed for? 5. react v. 作出反应 reaction n. 反应，
e.g. 他们对你的建议有什么反应？ How did they react to your suggestion? 6. prosecute v. 对……提起公诉 prosecution n. 起诉
prosecutor n. 检察官，公诉人 e.g. 他被起诉超速行驶。
He was prosecuted for exceeding the speed limit. 7. implement v. 实施，执行 implementation n. 落实，履行
e.g. 他说他的计划的优点是最简单易行。
He said his plan had the virtue of being the easiest to implement. 8. transform v. 转换，变形 transformation a. 转换，变形 transformer n. 变压器；变革者 e.g. 魔术师把公主变成了青蛙。
The magician transformed the princess into a frog. IV.
1. C; 2. C; 3. D; 4. B; 5. C; 6. D; 7. C; 8. D. V. Synonym / Antonym
Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used. 1. There is a clear and pressing crisis in today’s society, one that involves our most cherished possession: our children. Synonym: urgent
1. There is a clear and pressing crisis in today’s society, one that involves our most cherished possession: our children. Synonym: treasured, valued
2. Each day’s news adds a growing litany of shocking tragedies and statistics about American kids, and they’ve left us shaken, deeply worried, and in search of answers. Antonym: comedies
3. Although the hard data on youth crime and violence show a recent decline, there is little cause for comfort ...
Synonym: decrease, drop
4. Perhaps most disturbing is that our killers are getting younger and younger. Synonym: worrying, upsetting
5. Other disturbing indicators include substance abuse among younger kids; the growing disrespect for parents, teachers, and other legitimate authority figures … Antonym: respect, esteem, reverence
6. In two decades, the number of diagnoses of hyperactivity and attention deficits has risen 700 percent.
Antonym: surpluses, sufficiency
7. … and unless children know how to act right, their moral development is defective. Synonym: faulty, imperfect VI. Prefix
Write in each space one word that has the same prefix as underlined in each given word. 1. television telegram 2. archenemy archbishop 3. pseudoscientific pseudoclassical 4. sympathy symphony 5. miniskirt minibus 6. return reply 7. cooperate coordinate 8. automatic autonomous 1. Explanation:
tele-: over a long distance
e.g. telegraph, telephone, telemetry 2. Explanation:
arch-: main; most important or most extreme e.g. archduke, archangel, archdeacon 3. Explanation: pseudo-: not real
e.g. pseudo-science, pseudo-intellectual, pseudonym 4. Explanation: sym-: together
e.g. symmetry, symposium, symbol 5. Explanation: mini-: small
e.g. minicab, miniature, minicomputer, minidisk 6. Explanation: re-: back
e.g. reclaim, react, rebate, rebound 7. Explanation; co-: together with
e.g. coproduce, coexist 8. Explanation:
auto-: by itself
e.g. automotive, autograph, autoimmune Part Two Grammar Exercises 1. Use of irregular plurals
The regular plural is formed by adding -s or -es to the base of the noun, while the irregular plural is not formed in the same way but by other means such as by the change of internal vowel or by the change in the ending of the noun.
e.g. foot — feet man — men stratum — strata hypothesis — hypotheses I. Practice
Put the following nouns into plural.
1. diagnoses; 2. data; 3. shelves; 4. stimuli; 5. oxen; 6. formulae; 7. focuses / foci; 8. pianos; 9. grouse; 10. indexes / indices; 11. tempi; 12. radios; 13. phenomenon; 14. appendixes / appendices; 15. errata; 16. women doctors; 17. babysitters; 18. hypothese; 19. man-eaters; 20. antennas / antennae. II. 1. We
2. They, take, gardens 3. Dilettanti, are,
4. Menservants, are, luxuries 5. no plural
6. Buses, leave, termini, those, are, ones 7. are, bases, beliefs 8. no plural 9. those, them
10. criteria, these, men
2. Use of subject-verb agreement
By subject-verb concord is meant agreement between subject and predicate verb with regard to number. There are three principles guiding subject-verb concord; they are principles of grammatical concord, notional concord and proximity.
1) The principle of grammatical concord refers to the rule that the verb must match its subject in number. If the subject is plural, the verb should take the plural from; if, on the other hand, the subject is singular or is a mass noun, the verb should take the singular form. e.g. Two girls were standing on the corner. He is a good student.
2) The principle of notional concord refers to the rule that the verb can sometimes agree with the subject according to the notion of number rather than to the actual presence of the grammatical marker for that notion.
e.g. The government have asked the country to decide by a vote.
3) The principle of proximity denotes agreement of the verb with a closely preceding noun phrase in preference to agreement with the head of the noun phrase that functions as subject. e.g. Either my brothers or my father is coming. III. Practice
Use the proper form of the verbs given to complete the sentences.
1. As most sports magazines can attest, playing sports such as tennis and basketball
__requires____ (require) not only mental ability but also physical strength.
2. Despite the bad weather we have had in the past days, there __is__ (be) no doubt that the tournament will go on.
3. want. 4. ranks. 5. was. 6. have. 7. is. 8. is. 9. is. 10. are. 11. is. 12. Meat pie and peas __is__ (be) Tom’s favourite at the moment. 3. Use of comparatives and superlatives
Adjectives have two forms. One is the positive degree and the other is the comparative degree and the superlative degree. The comparative degree or the superlative degree is formed by adding -er or -est to the adjective with one syllable or a few adjectives with two syllables, such as taller, bigger or tallest, biggest. The comparative degree or the superlative degree is formed by adding more or the most before the adjectives with two or more than two syllables, such as more careful, the most careful, more active, the most active. For the irregular adjectives, the forms of their comparative degree or superlative degree are different.
e.g. good — better — best bad — worse — worst far — farther — farthest little — less — least much, many — more — most IV. Practice
Complete the sentences, using the proper forms of the adjectives in brackets. 1. foolish. 2. lovely, lovelier, lovelist.
3. He is the __most considerate____ boy I have ever met. You don’t often meet anyone that young who is so ___considerate_____. He is much ___more considerate___ than other children I’ve known. (considerate)
4. The stock market was very ___busy_____ today, ____busier____ than it was yesterday. In fact, it was the ___busiest_______ day of the year. (busy)
5. Is Hicksville ___far______ from Brooklyn? No, it’s not. Jonesville is a little ___farther_____, and Montauk is the ____farthest_____ of all. (far) 6. pretty, prettier. 7. The hottest. 8. the flattest. V.
1. go. 2. visit. 3. return. 4. Toronto when. 5. Canada, you. 6. right. 7. right. 8. they don’t. VI.
1. at least 2. as such
Part Three Translation exercises I.
1. Each day’s news adds a growing 越来越多的反复的报道litany of shocking惊人的悲剧 tragedies and statistics统计数据 about American kids, and they’ve left使我们 us shaken震撼, deeply worried, and in search of answers.
每天新闻里发生在美国儿童身上的惨剧和相关数据有增无减，令人震惊，让人揪心，促使人们苦苦寻觅应对之策。
2. Other disturbing indicators include substance abuse among younger kids; the growing disrespect失礼 for parents, teachers, and other legitimate正规当局数据 authority figures; the rise of incivility粗野; the increase of vulgarity粗俗; and widespread cheating作弊 and commonplace司空见惯的欺诈 dishonesty.
其它令人不安的事包括：小孩子滥用毒品、亵渎师长、无视权威、行为不端、举止庸俗、撒谎欺骗等等，这一切都已司空见惯，并日益严重。
3. It is moral strength that kids need most to keep their ethical 伦理道德行为方式bearings in this often morally道德上常常充满毒害的世界 toxic world.
孩子们最需要的是道德的力量，去规范他们在这个常常充满了道德毒素的世界里的行为举止。
4. Enhancing our children’s moral intelligence is our best hope for getting our kids on the right course so that they do act也有正确的行为举止 as well as 既有正确的想法念头think right. 我们最大的希望在于提高孩子们的道德智慧，把他们引导到正道上来，这样他们就能有正确的思想和行为。 II.
1. 他九岁时父亲去世，全家顿时陷入了完全靠别人施舍的境地。（leave sb. + obj. complement） His father died when he was only nine years old, leaving the whole family helplessly at the mercy of others.
2. 她的故事唤起了我珍藏在心里的许多儿时回忆。（stir, cherish） Translation:
Her story stirred many beautiful memories of my childhood, which I have always cherished in my heart.
3. 这两个国家举行了几轮谈判，以解决他们之间的分歧。(settle)
The two countries held several rounds of negotiation to settle their differences.
4. 他幽默风趣，富有激情，教学效果显著，因此越来越多的学生选修他的课程。（opt） Translation:
More and more students are opting for his course because of his humor and energy as well as his effective way of teaching.
5. 在他的讲话里发誓解决严重的失业问题，提高普通老百姓的收入。（vow, address [v.], boost） Translation:
In his speech the premier vowed to address the serious problem of unemployment and to boost the income of the common people.
6. 那个去年在阿根廷被捕的前纳粹军官因他在第二次世界大战中所犯的罪行遭到了起诉。（prosecute, commit）
The former Nazi officer who was arrested last year in Argentina was prosecuted for the crimes that he had committed during the Second World War. 7. 本书的价值在于它影响了整整一代青年，鼓舞他们投身反对帝国主义和封建主义的斗争。（rest in）
The great value of this book rests in the fact that it has influenced and encouraged a whole generation of young people in their struggle against imperialism and feudalism.
8. 对那些沉默的学生，教师应该努力提高他们的自信心，鼓励他们在课堂上发表自己的想法。（enhance, voice） Translation:
With regard to the silent students, the teacher should try to enhance their self-confidence and encourage them to voice their ideas in class. VI Writing Practice
Paragraph development — Variation of sentence lengths and patterns
Discussion: Too much of anything — money, music — can end up being a bore, so does writing. In writing, too many sentences of the same size can lead to boring prose, even when the message
is far from boring. Therefore, it is important to vary our sentence length and pattern to avoid monotony.
Good writers vary their sentence length without deliberate effort, or seemingly so at least. Inexperienced writers may tend to rely too heavily on a few comfortable, familiar structures. Therefore, it is significant for students to learn something about sentence variety.
Exercise: Write two paragraphs based on the first sentences given below. While writing, use variation of sentence lengths and patterns where it is necessary, so that your writing might be coherent and clear, but not boring. 1. Home is where the heart is. Ideas for reference:
East or west home is best.
Home is a place where kindly affections exist among all the members of the family. A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul. A home is more than a family dwelling. Sample:
As the saying goes “East or west home is best”, home is where the heart is. Wherever a person goes, home always lingers in his mind. Home is the very place that people call it harbor. Home is a place where kindly affections exist among all the members of the family. Parents take good care of their children, and children are interested in the activities of their parents. Thus all of them are bound together by affection, and they find their home to be the cheeriest place in the world. A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul. Every civilized person is a social being. No one should live alone. A man may lead a successful and prosperous life, but prosperity alone can by no means insure happiness. A home is more than a family dwelling. It is a school in which people are trained for citizenship. A man will not render good services to his country if he can do nothing good for his home. The home is the birthplace of true patriotism. It is the secret of social welfare and national greatness. It is the basis and origin of civilization. In a word, home is the very place that human’s heart dwells on, a place that gives one strength and comfort, happiness and sympathy, love for oneself and love for the country. 2. Charity begins at home. Ideas for reference:
Of all the obligations and responsibilities that we have to shoulder, our commitment to our family has prior claims.
Charity starting at home does not necessarily extend outside.
It is their charity at home that has turned their families into noble people. Sample:
Charity begins at home. Of all the obligations and responsibilities that we have to shoulder, our commitment to our family has prior claims. If one fails at many or even most of his family duties, he will not become a responsible member of society either. In contrast, a dutiful husband or wife can be expected to become a good teammate; a caring parent can be entrusted with important corporate responsibilities; and a devoted son or daughter has the potential of a loyal junior partner in business. Of course there are many people who are very loving and generous at home, but mean and spiteful outside. That just proves that charity starting at home does not necessarily extend outside. There have been reports of millionaires who donate large sums of money to charities but have scandalous problems with their families. In their cases, some would say, charity does not
begin at home. False would be such a rash judgment. Messy as their family relationship might be, they might not be the guilty ones to blame. The truth might be that they were very responsible and charitable at home, but their kindness was not properly returned. As a result, their desire to be charitable burns even more furiously outside their households. Over the past few decades, the Chinese government has recommended to the people many moral heroes dedicated to a larger cause at the expense of their families. However, they are the best cases for the legitimacy of the saying that charity begins at home. It is their charity at home that has turned their families into noble people. Otherwise, their spouses and children would not be supportive and encouraging, and without their support, not many moral heroes could get far. So let’s be charitable at home, first and foremost.
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