搜索
您的当前位置:首页正文

英语中的部分否定的表达方式及否定句式常见错误分析

来源:知库网


英语中的部分否定的表达方式及否定句式常见错误分析

| 文章作者:佚名 | 文章来源:网络 | 收集整理:嘉兴英语网 | 更新时间:2007-5-6 | 字体:小 大 | 英语中的部分否定(即不完全否定)有如下一些表示方法: 一、 all 的否定式:not all…(或:all…not)表示\"并非都……\"、\"不是所有的都……\"例如: Not all men can be masters. (= All men cannot be masters.) 并非人人都能当头头。 Not all bamboo grows tall. 并非所有的竹子都会长得很高。 二、 both 的否定式:not…both (或:both… not) \"并非两个……都……\" 例如: I don't want both the books. 我不是两本书都要。 Both (the) windows are not open. 两扇窗子并不都开着。 三、 every…的否定式:\"不是每……都……\" 例如: Not every book is educative. (或:Every book is not educative.) 不是每本书都有教育意义的。 Not everyone likes this book. 并非人人都喜欢这本书。 This flower is not seen everywhere. 这花并不是随处可见的。 四、 always的否定式:\"并非总是(并非一直)……\" 例如: He is not always so sad. 他并不是一直都这样悲伤。 五、 entirely, altogether, completely 和quite 的否定式:\"不完全……\",\"并非完全……\" 例如: The businessman is never to be entirely trusted. 不可以完全信任商人。 He felt not altogether satisfied. 他并不完全满意。

I don't agree completely. 我并不完全同意。 What he did was not quite proper. 他做的不十分妥当。 六、 all the time 的否定式:\"并非一直……\"、\"未必老是……\" 例如: A foolish man doesn't make a mistake all the time. 笨人未必老是犯错误。 七、 not…and…的否定式,被否定的往往是and后面的那一部分。 例如: He did not speak clearly and correctly. 他讲得清楚但不正确。 This film is not interesting and instructive. 这部电影有趣但无教育意义。 She cannot sing and dance. 她会唱歌但不会跳舞。 如果将and 换成or,not 对其后面的两部分就全盘否定了。 He did not speak clearly or correctly. 他讲的既不清楚也不正确。 如要对上述的all, both, every, always, 以及entirely, altogether, completely, quite 和 all the time 等词作完全否定,那就分别要用与之相对应的全否定词,如no, none, neither, no one, never, not (never)… at all 等。例如: All of them can do it.--- None of them can do it. Both are good.---Neither is good. Everybody likes it. ---Nobody likes it. He is always late. --- He is never late. We don't trust them entirely. --- We never trust them at all. He was here all the time. --- He was never here. 否定句式常见错误及分析 英语和汉语在否定的表达形式上存在着许多差异,我国学生往往会以中国人的思维方式和习惯用法去套英语,这样在汉译英时难免会出现一些错误。部分常见的错误举例如下:

1、未经允许,任何人不得入内。 误:Anybody can not come in without permission. 正:Nobody can come in without permission. \"任何……不\"是汉语中常用的否定句式,而在英语中与any构成的合成词或被any修饰的词语作主语时,谓语动词不能用否定式,因此any ... not的表达形式不符合英语的习惯。翻译这类句子时须用\"否定形式的主语+肯定形式的谓语\"。但当any的合成词或any所修饰的词带有后置定语时,谓语可以用否定式,如: 干那种事的人都是不诚实的。 Anyone who does that isn't honest. 2、听到这个消息后,没有一个人不感到兴奋。 误:Having heard the news, nobody did not feel excited. 正:Having heard the news, everybody felt excited. 汉语中常用\"没有+主语+不+谓语\"这一双重否定的结构,而英语中否定形式的主语习惯上不能与否定形式的谓语连用。因此nobody... not的结构不符合英语的表达习惯。翻译这类句子时,(1)可把主语和谓语都改成肯定形式;(2)也可用另一结构的双重否定式:there be +否定的主语 + 否定形式的定语从句,如: There was nobody who did not feel excited. 或:There was nobody but felt excited. 3、这两本书都不是英国出版的。 误:Both of the books are not published in England. 正:Neither of the books is published in England. 我不同意所有这些方案。 误:I don't agree to all these projects. 正:I agree to none of these projects. 或:I don't agree to any of these projects. 英语中的概括词all, every, both, 以及与every 构成的合成词,用语否定句式时,只表示部分否定,常译成\"并非……都\",因此两个错误译句的含义分别为:并非两本书都是英国出版的,并非所有这些方案我都同意。要表达全部否定意义时,英语须用全否定词语,如none neither, no, nobody, nothing, not…any, not…either等。 4、这台车床不能再用了,那台也一样。 误:This lathe can not be used any longer, and that one can't, too. 正:This lathe can not be used any longer, and that one cna't

either. 或:This lathe can not be used any longer, neither (nor) can that one. 否定句中的\"也\"不能译成too,而须用either,或用neither(nor)的倒装句型。 5、你不必为你的军衔和薪金担心。 误:You won't have to worry about rank and pay. 正:You won't have to worry about rank or pay. 在肯定句中用and来连接两个并列成分,表示\"和\",但在否定句中and应改为or, 这时否定词对or的前后部分同时加以否定。 6、这些规章制度多不完善! 误:How not perfect the rules and regulations are! 正:How imperfect the rules and regulations are! 汉语中的感叹句可用否定式,如:多不光彩呀!多不容易呀!而英语中的感叹句不能用否定式,我们可用反义词或带有否定词缀的词来表示。 7、我认为这不值得一试。 误:I think this is not worth trying. 正:I don't think this is worth trying. 英语中表臆想、猜测的动词think, believe, fancy, expect, guess, imagine, suppose等,如果带有否定的宾语从句,宾语从句中的否定词通常提前,用来否定主句的谓语动词。尤其是think, 按习惯用法,否定词只能置于think前。 8、他来这儿不是为了求得我们的帮助。 误:He came here not to ask us for help. 正:He did not come here to ask us for help. 否定状语时,英语中的否定词一般不直接置于被否定词语前,通常置于谓语动词前。只有当两个部分加以对比时,即\"不是……而是\"时,否定词才可直接置于状语前。如:他来这儿不是为了求得我们的帮助,而是来给我们提供一些信息。He came here not to ask us for help, but to give us some information.即使在这一结构中,英语还是常把否定词置于谓语动词前。 9、他的设计肯定还没完成。 误:He mustn't have completed his design. 正:He can't have completed his design. 对比较有把握的推测,肯定句中用must,而否定句中用can't,对过去的推测,在must和can't后接完成形式。

No two persons think alike.(没有两人想法是一样的。) No news is good news.(没有消息便是好消息。) 第一句中,no的否定范围扩大到全句,整个句子的意思被否定了,应属于一般否定。但第二句中的no,仅 限于否定主语,是特指否定。有时,同是一个句子,孤立地去理解字面意义会产生歧义。例如: No work will kill him.(什么工作都压不垮他。) No work will kill him。(不做工作就会把他折磨死。) 第一句用降升调处理,no的否定范围扩大到全句,属一般否定;第二句用升降调处理,no只否定主语,属 特指否定。究竟该取何种意义,则取决于上下文和语调。 2.语法特点不同 在一般否定句中通常不用also,still,already,而必须用(not)yet,neither(或not…either):但在特指 否定句却可以使用。如: He was still not a brilliant controversialist. You behave as if you were married to her already.You are not married to her already,…… 有时,特指否定句和一般否定句可以相互转换,意义彼此相同,但某些词语必须作相应的改变。比较下列 各组例句,A句是特指否定,B句是一般否定: A:We saw nothing yesterday. B:We didn't see anything yesterday. A:He is no longer our friend. B:He isn't our friend any longer. A:I could recite neither this poem nor this story. B:I couldn't recite either this poem or this story. 3.特指否定与一般否定的某些混合与交替现象 有些句子形式上是特指否定,可是意思上却是一般否定。例如:

Oliver stopped to make no reply.(=Oliver did not stop to make a (any)reply.) 相反,有时形式上虽是一般否定,但意思上却是特指否定。例如: He did not come to work by bus.(=He came to work not by bus.) 应当说明,这类句子用一般否定是正常的,特指否定常常只有在对照时才使用: He came to work not by bus,but on foot. 二、完全否定与部分否定 在英语中,根据否定的程度大小,可确定其是完全否定,还是部分否定。 1.完全否定是百分之百地否认一个事物的存在、成立或真实性。表示完全否定的否定词有no,not,nothi ng,nobody,none,nowhere,never,neither,nor,nowise等,例如: Nothing ever pleases her. My pen is nowhere to be seen.用not+any/anyone/anybody/anything/anywhere/either 或not+half也 可表示完全否定(=not at all),通常在口语中使用。例如: I don't like either of the films. You don't mean half what you are saying. 带否定词缀的词,也可表示完全否定: Bacteria are invisible to the naked eye. All the problems remained unsettled. 2.部分否定通常由not+all/both/each/everybody/everything等来表达。例如: Not all he said was to the point. Not everybody can do the same. 但部分否定并不总是用这种方式表达,有时也以一般否定句的形式出现,即把否定主语的not与谓语动词放 在一起。例如:

All is not gold that glisters. not也可以对某些状语、宾语作部分否定: The rules don't apply to all cases. I don't wholly agree with you. 部分否定也可以是对较大数量或较大程度的否定。因此,可以用not+many/much/very much/some来表示部 分否定。例如: There are not many books on the shelf. His behaviour does not accord with his principle very much. 此外英语中有一种介于完全否定和部分否定之间的“否定”,即基本否定。所谓基本否定就是在语气上将 否定对象基本上否定,即百分之九十以上否定,肯定部分仅占很小部分。 比较:Nobody believes that.(完全否定) Hardly anybody believes that.(基本否定) Not all the people believe that.(部分否定) 基本否定的表达方式主要是用不完全否定词hardly,scarcely,rarely,barely,seldom,few,little等,来表 达否定意义。这些词很接近never,not,no,none等词,不过语气较弱,而且在否定意义上留有余地,不象never ,no等词那样绝对。 三、双重否定与重复否定 在英语否定句中,有时否定不止一次,可能否定两次或两次以上。在这种情况下,必须分清是双重否定, 还是重复否定。因为,这两种否定在语义上有着根本区别,反映出说话人两种不同的语言心理和思维方式。 1.双重否定是指两个否定成分限定同一个词或词素;或是一个否定词否定另一个否定词,取得肯定意义 的表达形式。否定之否定成为肯定,这是合乎逻辑的。表达双重否定的形式有三种。

(1)把否定词not放在带有否定前缀的单词前面: He was not unable to do the job by himself. Apparently he was not displeased with my answer. 这类双重否定形式,是一种委婉说法,削弱了句子意义,语气通常比单纯的肯定句弱。 (2)将not和without+名语连用,用not去否定without+名词,一般作状语: I have brought back your man—not without risk and danger. He replied,not without hesitation,that he was ready to go.相反,用cannot+行为动词跟without+ 名词或动名词连用,其语气不是减弱而是加强了。否定词也可以是no,never,或用not(not)跟but连用。例如: We cannot live without air. I couldn't but laugh when I heard such a story. (3)用否定词来否定含有否定意义的谓语动词。例如: They do not deny that their work leaves much to be desired. We shall not fail to help you when necessary. not/never/none跟too搭配,也属双重否定,too暗含否定意义。例如: We cannot work too much for the people.(为人民服务的工作做得越多越好。) You arrived none too early.(你到得不算太早。) 此外,还可以用否定跟含否定意义的连接词unless,until,but等词连用,构成双重否定;句型too…not t o+动词原形,也可以说是一种双重否定,用来表示强烈的肯定。Jesperson说得好:“语言有它自己的逻辑, 在这里语言逻辑有其可取之处。只要两个否定词指的确实是同一个概念或同一个词(作为特殊否定),结果总 是肯定的。任何语言概不例外。” 2.重复否定是由两个或更多的否定词,接二连三地用在一起而形成的。有时,否定句中本来应该用不定 词,却用了否定词,结果形成了多次否定。重复否定是一种强调否定,不象双重否定那样,以一个否定词,抵 消了另一个否定词的否定意义,使之转化为肯定。所以双重否定的含义是肯定的,而重复否定的意义,无论重 复否定多少次,意义总是否定的。例如:

I won't trouble nobody about nothing no more. No bread,no butter,no cheese,no nothing. 例句中重复出现的否定词均起强调否定语气的作用,读者不能用双重否定的规则来理解这类句子。这种重 复否定在很多语言中都十分常见,在标准英语中被视为是不合规则的,但英美人常如此使用也就约定俗成了。 这种用法也常出自某些文学家之笔。例如: I can't do nothing without my staff.—Hardy You won't lose nothing by it.—Herrick You ain't never mind to let my things alone no more.—Mansfield 此外,与双重否定和重复否定相似的有多项否定和延续否定。这两种否定必须引起注意,务必跟上述两种 否定区别开来。多项否定是指前面有一项否定,后面接着又有一项或几项否定: He can't do it,nor can I,nor can you,nor can anybody. In old China there was hardly any machine—building industry,to say nothing of an aviation i ndustry. 延续否定则是一个否定概念在句中得到多次重复(用相同方式或不同方式)。其目的是为了更明确地表达 否定意思,它既不是双重否定,也不是重复否定。在否定句后加一些具体的内容加以否定,以补充强调前面的 否定。它有三种表达形式: (1)一个或多个意义相近的否定词,在句中重复出现。 Oh,not now,not now. None of them is not ready;not one. (2)在否定句后,延续否定词放在一个状语短语或状语从句前。 He wouldn't come to your house,not even the king himself should ask him to. I begged him not marry the girl yet……not at least until he had known her for a longer time . (3)有时延续否定词也放在另一个句子里,用两个否定句来否定同一个对象。 I haven't taken your umbrella;nor have I seen it.

We don't like idling.We never will. 从以上对英语各类否定的对比中,可以看出英语否定意义与表达形式的多样性与复杂性。因此,我们在英 语学习中,对否定语句的理解不能停留在表层结构而望文生义,应该根据英语否定意义及其表达形式的规律, 从深层把握其确切含意

因篇幅问题不能全部显示,请点此查看更多更全内容

Top