Unit 3 Language in use
【教学目标】 Knowledge objective
To practice the use of which/who introducing attributive clauses. Ability objective
Enable students to learn more about development of photography. Moral objective
To know about how to review the knowledge. 【教学重点】
To use which/who introducing attributive clauses 【教学方法】
PWP method, task-based method 【教学手段】
A tape recorder, multimedia and some pictures 【教学过程】 Teaching Procedures: Step 1 Language practice
He’s the boy who won the photo competition last year!
The photo which we liked best in the City and People group was taken by Zhao Min. A group of photos which show Beijing and Cambridge in England have won the prize.
Step 2 Complete the poster for the photo competition. Use that, which or who. There may be more than one answer.
Photo competition
Send us your photos and win a new camera!
• We need photos _______ show daily life at school.
• Your photos should record interesting things _______ happen at school, inside the classroom or outside.
• The photos ______ you take should be active, beautiful and true. • The photos ______ you send should include some words about them. • The size of the photos _______ you take should be 9cm×13cm.
• Students _______ enter the competition should be between 10 and 16 years old.
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• The last date _______ you should send your photos is on 30th November. • The lucky person ______ wins the competition will receive a new camera. Get your camera and start taking your photos now!
Keys: that /which that /which that /which that /which that /which
who / that which who / that Step 3 Learning to learn
In many English-speaking countries, they use two systems of measurement: imperial (inch, foot, yard, mile, pound) and metric (millimetre, centimetre, metre, kilomere, kilogram). You also need to recognise their short forms (in, ft, yd, ml, lb; mm, cm, m, km, kg). Step 4定语从句
在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导从句的关系代词有who(人-主格), whom(人-宾客), whose(人-所有格), which(物), that(人/物)。引导从句的关系副词有where(地点), when(时间), why(原因)。
• The man who lives next to us is a teacher. • You must do everything that I do.
• We will never forget the day when we visited our headmaster. 从句的谓语动词和先行词的关系。
a. 主谓关系
He asked the man (作从句主语) who/that was smoking.
b. 动宾关系
The noodles (作从句宾语) that/which I cooked were delicious. which 引导的定语从句
which 引导的定语从句修饰的是无生命物体, which 在从句中可以作主语, 也可以作宾语。 只能用which的情况:
a. 关系代词前有介词。
This is the house in which we lived last year. b. 先行词本身是that。
The clock is that which I bought yesterday. c. 非限制性定语从句。
His English, which used to be very poor, is now excellent.
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who引导的定语从句
如果先行词指人 那么定语从句的引导词就可以用who。如果先行词指人, 引导词在从句中充当宾语, 那么引导词就要用who的宾格形式whom, 口语中也可以用who代替。 She has two brothers, who are both doctors. The man whom I saw is called Smith. 定语从句中引导词的省略
不管定语从句修饰的是人还是物, 如果引导词在从句中作宾语, 通常就可以省略。 e.g. Did you go to the talk (that/ which) the famous scientist gave at your school?
你去听那位著名科学家在你们学校做的演讲了吗？ Is that the car (that/which) you bought last month? 那是你上个月买的车吗？
A friend is a person (who/whom) you know very well and like. 朋友是你十分了解并且喜欢的人。
引导词作宾语时可以省略是因为省略后的从句仍然有主语和谓语, 我们仍然可以分辨出哪部分是定语从句。但是, 引导词在从句中作主语时就不能省略, 否则会造成结构混乱。 e.g. I’d like to have a teacher who is good at speaking. 我想拥有一位擅长演讲的老师。
He can make lessons that are usually boring interesting.
他能把枯燥乏味的课讲得生动有趣。
以上两句中的引导词 who 和 that 在从句中作主语, 不能省略。此外, 需要注意的是, 虽然在定语从句中作宾语的引导词在口语中往往被省略, 但在正式文体中则常常被保留。 Step 5 中考真题
1. “What do you think of the school uniforms?” “Very good. I like clothes ______ make me feel
comfortable.” 【2012贵州贵阳】
A. that B. what C. who 【解析】
考查定语从句引导词的用法。定语从句的先行词clothes是“物”, 所以, 定语从句的引导词用which或that引导。根据句意：你觉得校服怎么样呀? 很好, 我喜欢让我穿着舒服的衣服。 2. It’s interesting that there are many people ________ speak French in Canada. 【2012四川成都】 A. which B. where C. who
3. I can never forget the stories ______ my grandma told me. 【2012绵阳市】
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A. what B. who C. them D. that
4. Please pass me the cartoon book _______ has a Mickey Mouse on the cover. 【2012天津】
A. whom B. whose C. who D. which Step 6 Exercises
Complete the sentences so that they are true for you.
1. I like the writer who ________________________________. 2. I would like to visit a place that ________________. 3. I go to a school which ____________________.
4. My favourite band is the one that _______________________. 5. I have never seen a doctor who ____________________. 6. I want to take a photo which ____________________. 7. Our teacher is the man who ____________________. Keys: wrote the Harry Potter books
has lots of sunny beaches
only accepts students who are good at English we saw at the concert last week wears shorts in the operating theatre shows my pet cat playing in a cardboard box is wearing a purple shirt Step 7 Work in pairs Talk about the two photos. I like the photo which … I don’t like the photo which … The photo which … is …
Then talk about the people in the photos. The girl who …
Now ask questions about the photos and write down your answers.
— Which photo …? — The one …
Look around the class and describe someone or something to your partner. Can your partner guess
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who or what you are describing?
She is a girl who has glasses and long hair.
It is something that you use to paint pictures.
Step 8 Complete the conversation with the expressions in the box.
by the way even though far from thousand of try … out Jerry: Hi, how are you? I haven’t seen you for a long time … Wow, is that a new camera,
___________?
Tina: Yes. I dropped my old one, and it was too expensive to repair. So I bought a new one. This one
is much better. It’s so much lighter and easier to use than the old one. I’ve learnt how to work it already, ____________ I’ve only had it for a couple of days. And I don’t have to worry about getting prints of all the photos — I can store _____________ photos on my computer! Jerry: Wow, that’s great! I’m thinking of getting a camera too. Do you mind if I ________ it
________?
Tina: Of course not. Let’s go to the lake. It’s not ___________ here. The lake would make a really
good photo.
Keys: by the way even though thousands of try out far from Step 9 Reading
Read the passage and complete the table.
When In 1827 In the early 1830s After 1840 In the 1880s What happened By the end of the nineteenth century Keys: Niepce invented a camera and the first successful photograph was produced.
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A new kind of camera was invented. People could take pictures of moving things. People could buy film in small boxes. Photography became a kind of art. Step 10 Listen and complete the sentences.
1. The first successful photo was produced in _________.
2. Because it took a long time to take a photo, people in early photos did not ___________. 3. The first photographers needed to know how to __________ and ___________ them. 4. Kodak introduced a camera that could be used by everyone in ____________. 5. Kodak’s camera was ____________ and __________ than any of the earlier cameras. 6. Cameras with computer technology were introduced in ______________. Keys:1827 smile take photos; develop 1888
smaller; lighter the 1990s
Step 11 Around the world
A famous photo
The picture of the earth from space was taken by William Anders on the Apollo 8 trip into space. Step 12 Module task: Making a photo display Choose your favourite photo and describe it.
➢ Choose one photo you like best.
➢ Write a passage or story about it. Say what/who it is in the photo, and why it is important to you.
Step 13 Work in groups.
Talk about your photo. Use the passage or story you have written in Activity 8 to help you. Show the group your photo. Tell them why you like it, and why it is important to you. Answer questions your group may have.
Listen to the other members of your group talk about their photos. Show your photos from the group to the whole class and talk about them. Step 14 Homework
Choose your favourite photos and give a brief introduction.
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