ICM_2011翻译

广泛使用电动车真的节油吗？或者我们仅仅是将一种使用石油的方式变成了另外一种，因为当前多数电还是通过石油来产生的。通过使用电动车来节省资源，什么情况需要被取代？

2. Consider how much the amount of electricity generated by alternatives such as wind and solar would need to climb during the twenty-first century to make the widespread use of electric vehicles feasible and

environmentally beneficial. Assess whether or not the needed growth of these alternate sources of electricity is likely and possible.

21世纪，其他能源（如风能，太阳能）的产量需要被提高多少来使广泛使用电动车这个方案可行并且对环境有利吗？评价其他能源产量的提高是可能的吗？ 3. Would charging batteries at off-peak times be beneficial and increase the feasibility of widespread use of electric vehicles? How quickly would batteries need to charge to maximize the efficiency and practicality of electric vehicles? How would progress in these areas change the equation regarding the environmental savings and practicality of widespread use of electric vehicles?

在非用电高峰期充电是有利的吗？这提高了电动车广泛使用的可能性吗？电动

车的电池充电需要多长时间？

4. What method of basic transportation is most efficient? Is the efficiency of different methods dependent of the nation or region in which it is used? 什么样的运输方式是最有效率的？不同形式的运输方式的效率与它所适用的国家或地区的不同有关系吗？

5. Pollution caused directly by electric vehicles is low, but are there hidden sources of pollutants associated with electric vehicles? Gasoline and diesel fuel burned in internal combustion engines for transportation account for nitrites of oxygen, vehicle-born monoxide and carbon dioxide pollution but are these bi-products something we really should worry about? What are the short and long term effects of these substances on the climate and our health?

由电动车直接引起的污染是很少的，但是存在一些与电动车有关的隐性的污染源吗？汽油与柴油在有氧环境下在内燃机内燃烧并且产生能量，但是是不是电动车产生的一氧化物和二氧化碳所带来的污染才是我们真正需要担心的问题？这些物质给我们的环境与健康所带来的短期与长期的影响是什么？

6. How would the pollution caused by the increasing need to dispose of increasing numbers of large batteries effect the comparison between the environmental effects of electric vehicles versus the effects of fossil fuel-burning vehicles?

7. You also should consider economic and human issues such as the convenience of electric vehicles. Can batteries be recharged or replaced

fast enough to meet most transportation needs or would their ranges be limited? Would electric vehicles have only a limited role in transportation, good only for short hauls (commuters or light vehicles on short trips) or could they practically be used for heavier and longer-range transportation and shipping? Should governments give subsidies to developers of electric vehicle technologies and if so, why, how much, and in what form? 你也需要考虑经济和电动车给人类所带来的便利。电池重新充电和替代能够及时满足人们的交通需求吗，还是电动车所使用的范围被？电动车在交通运输中只扮演一种角色吗？仅仅只是用于短途运输吗？它们可以被应用于重型长途运输吗？需要给予一些津贴去支持电动车技术的开发者吗？如果这样，如何支持？支持多少？这些支持从哪里来？

Requirements:

• Model the environmental, social, economic, and health impacts of the widespread use of electric vehicles and detail the key factors that governments and vehicle manufacturers should consider when determining if and how to support the development and use of electric vehicles. What data do you have to validate your model(s)?

从环境，社会，经济和健康的角度建立模型说明电动车的广泛使用将会带来的影响，并且详细的说明以及电动车制造商在考虑是否需要支持电动车产业与如

何支持电动车产业时应该注意的细节与关键。你有哪些数据来验证你的模型？ • Use your model(s) to estimate how much oil (fossil fuels) the world would save by widely using electric vehicles.

用你的模型来评估：当广泛使用电动车时我们将会节省多少石油燃料？ • Provide a model of the amount and type of electricity generation that would be needed to support your recommendations regarding the amount and type of electric vehicle use that will produce the largest number of benefits to the environment, society, business, and individuals.

提供一个关于发电类型与发电总量的模型，使你所推荐的关于电动车使用类型与数量的方案对环境，社会，商业和个人产生最大的利益。

• Write a 20-page report (not including the summary sheet) to present your model and your analysis of the key issues associated with the electric vehicle and electricity generation. Be sure to include the roles that governments should play to insure safe, efficient, effective transportation. Discuss if the introduction of widespread use of electric vehicles is a worthwhile endeavor and an important part of an overall strategy to address global energy needs in the face of dwindling fossil fuel supplies.

写一份20页的报告去阐述你的模型以及你关于电动车和电力产业主要考虑的问题的分析。确定里面包含了部门需要扮演的角色，来保证安全、有效、高效率的运输。讨论如果提倡使用电动车是值得的努力以及作为处理全球能源需求问题全面战略的重要组成部分，应如何减少矿物燃料的使用？

The International Energy Annual (IEA) is the Energy Information Administration’s primary report of international energy statistics. For many series, data begin with the year 1980 and extend through 2006. Included are data on energy consumption and production; overviews of petroleum, natural gas, coal, and electricity, as well as carbon dioxide emissions from the use of fossil fuels, petroleum prices, energy reserves, and population ; and data unit conversion tables.

国际能源年度(IEA)是报告的主要能源信息局国际能源统计。对于许多系列、数据从1980年到2006年,延长一年。包括数据对能源的消费和生产;概述石油、天然气、煤炭、电力、以及二氧化碳排放量化石燃料的使用、石油价格、能源储备、人口;和数据单位转换表。