专业英语考试试卷(广东工业大学)

 ：名 姓 线 ： 号 学 一、 二、 三、 级订 班 ： ) 域装领(业专 ：院 学 广东工业大学研究生考试试题 课程名称: 专业英语 试卷满分 100分 考试时间: 年 月 日 (第 周 星期 ) 题 号 一 二 三 四 五 六 七 八 九 十 总分 评卷得分 综合成绩（不出现小数）=卷面成绩+30%平时成绩 说明：1、因为格式要求，第一页不会自动换页，但第二页起可以自动换页，页码也会自动生成。2、学位课一般应考试（），非学位课可以考试也可以考查（撰写小论文）等方式3、任课教师评完分后从研究生处网页上录入成绩，再打印成绩单一式两份连同试卷、答题纸交教务员保管（保管四年）。（请教师出题时把此说明删除！） 请把下列英文短文翻译成中文 （每题10分） 1. Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are a group of 75 congeners consisting of naphthalene substituted with 1e8 chlorine atoms. PCNs have been identified as persistent, toxic, and bioaccumulative substances. Historically, they were used for their thermal stability in dielectric fluids and insulators. PCNs have not been commercially produced since 1977, but they are still routinely observed in the environment. Evaporation from discharged or in-use products containing PCNs as well as release during waste, commercial, residential, agricultural, and other combustions are still sources for the addition of PCNs to the environment. Assigning the current contributions of PCNs to different sources is important because they have been banned. 聚氯化萘（PCN类）是一组由75个萘与1E8氯原子取代的同系物组成的。聚氯化萘已被确定为是持久性，有毒，生物累积性物质。从历史上看，由于它们在介电流体和绝缘体等方面的热稳定性而被利用。直到1977年，聚氯化萘才被商业化生产的，但它们仍然经常在环境中观察到的。从排放或含有聚氯化萘的产品中蒸发，从废弃物，商业，住宅，农业以及燃烧中释放都是聚氯化萘进入环境的途径。区分目前聚氯化萘各个不同来源的贡献是很重要的，因为聚氯化萘已被禁止使用。 广东工业大学研究生试卷用纸，共6页，第1页

2. Passive air sampler (PAS), a simple power-free device based on the theory of physical advection and diffusion, has been used for various monitoring research projects from regional to global scales to investigate the environmental levels and distributions of POPs , for which an active high volume air sampler is impractical for sampling at a high spatial resolution. Though PASs have been used to achieve spatially resolved data for almost a decade, they still have some shortcomings, such as the complex and limited sampling rate calculation. To use the PAS quantitatively to assess ambient air concentrations, it is necessary to know the sampling rate for the specific compounds. 被动空气采样器（PAS），基于物理平流和扩散理论的简单无动力装置，已被用于各种从区域到全球尺度调查持久性有机污染物的环境水平和分布的监控研究项目，因为在高空间分辨率下使用活跃高容量空气采样器采样是不切实际的。虽然被动空气采样器被用来获得了近十年的空间分辨的数据，但是他们仍然有一些缺点，例如采样率计算的复杂性和有限性。要使用被动空气采样器来定量评估环境空气中的浓度，有必要知道具体化合物的采样率。 3. The present study established an improved correction method for using a PAS to assess the distribution of PCNs in the eastern Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China. As a tributary of the Pearl River, the Dongjiang River (or East River), which is located in the eastern part of the PRD, supplies fresh water to many cities, including Guangzhou, Dongguan, Shenzhen, and . The highly intensive industries in this region are associated with the emission of various chemicals that may pose a potential pollution to the river and the ecosystem. 本研究建立了一种改进的校正方法，利用被动空气采样器评估在中国南方珠江三角洲东部的聚氯化萘的分布。作为一个支流珠江，东江（或东河）位于珠三角东部，为许多城市供应淡水，包括广州，东莞，深圳，等。这个区域的高度密集型产业与各种化学品的排放有关，可能会对河流和生态系统构成潜在污染。 4. Certain organic chemicals pose a threat to the health and safety of people, particularly those working within a contained working environment and in the industrial sector. While such pollutants may be found in aqueous sources, there is also growing concern over gaseous pollutants. Indoor air quality is particularly a growing concern and the 广东工业大学研究生试卷用纸，共6页，第2页

Environmental Protection Department of states that indoor air quality „has now become a matter of increasing public concern, prompted partly by the emergence of new indoor air pollutants, by the isolation of the indoor environment from the natural outdoor environment in well sealed office buildings‟ and further factors. 某些有机化学品会对人的健康和安全构成威胁，特别是那些工作在包含化学物质的工作环境和在工业部门中的。虽然这些污染物可能来源于水，气态的污染物也日益受到关注。特别是室内空气质量受到了越来越多的关注，环境保护署指出，室内空气质量“已成为公众日益关注的问题，一定程度上是由新的室内空气污染物的出现，密闭完好的办公楼把自然的室外环境和室内环境隔离开来，”，甚至一些进一步的因素引起的。 广东工业大学研究生试卷用纸，共6页，第3页

5. Semiconductor photocatalysis with a focus on TiO2 has been utilised in a series of problems of environmental concern and it has become a well documented and successful application for the degradation of a wide variety of undesirable organic compounds dissolved within both air and water. The photocatalytic detoxification of air and water is hence, a process that combines heterogeneous catalysis with solar technologies. 研究重点是二氧化钛的半导体光催化已被用于一系列的环境问题的关注，它已成为一个有据可查的成功应用于溶解在各种空气和水中对环境不友好的有机物的降解。因此，空气和水的光催化解毒是一个结合多相催化与太阳能技术的过程。 6. The photocatalytic process which utilises solar activity can be directed to destroy undesired odours, taste and odour compounds, and also naturally occurring organic matter. A noteworthy factor in the photocatalysis process is the recovery of precious metals, including: platinum, gold, rhodium, silver and palladium. On a positive note; the use of photocatalysis can eliminate toxic metals (such as mercury and lead) from industrial waste effluents. 光催化过程，其利用太阳活动可针对性地破坏不想要的气味，味道和气味的化合物，还有天然存在的有机物质。在光催化过程中一个值得注意的因素是贵金属的回收，包括：铂，金，铑，银和钯。从积极的方面看，利用光催化能消除从工业废水流出的有毒金属（例如汞和铅）。 7. However, there is a general lack of information regarding the levels and fate of PCNs in this region. This research aimed to use a newly improved correction method for a PAS to evaluate the PCN air contamination within the Dongjiang River basin of the PRD. The improved calibration method will be valuable for perfecting the correction of passive air sampling. 然而，对于这一地区聚氯化萘的水平和命运的信息普遍缺乏。这项研究旨在使用新改进的校正方法的被动空气采样器来评价珠三角的东江流域内的聚氯化萘空气污染。改进后的校准方法将是完善对被动空气采样的修正。 广东工业大学研究生试卷用纸，共6页，第4页

二．请把下列中文短文翻译成英文 （每题10分） 8. 小颗粒物中含有的重金属、水溶性离子及有机碳的比例远大于大颗粒物物质，由此可见，小颗粒物质对人体的危害高于大粒子不仅是因为其可深入人体体内，还与其负载的有效毒性成分含量有关。除此之外，颗粒物的粒径还将影响颗粒物的比表面积，比表面积大的颗粒物与人体接触面较大，对人体伤害程度也大。粒径小于５μｍ颗粒物的比表面积随着粒径的减小迅速增加，并且远大于１０μｍ以上颗粒物的比表面积。可见，从这个角度讲，小颗粒物对人体的危害也大于大粒子。 The proportion of heavy metals, water soluble ions and organic carbon in the small particles is greater than that of the large particulate matter. The harm of human body for small particles is higher than large particles, follows that not only because it can deep into human body, but also the load of effective toxicity component content. In addition, the particle size will also affect the particle specific surface area. The larger body contact area in large specific surface area of particles is, also the bigger degree of damage to the human body is. Specific surface area of the particles less than 5 μｍ increase with the decrease of the particle size, and large than that of the particles more than 10μｍ. From this perspective, it shows that the harm of human body from small particles is greater than big particles. 9. 可吸入颗粒物( PM10 )和细颗粒物( PM2. 5 )能够长期悬浮在空气中, 不易沉降, 是大气中大量有害物质的载体。当其通过呼吸道进入人体时, 所带来的危害往往高于单一污染物。而PM2. 5因其粒径更为细小, 大部分可直接进入人体的肺部, 并在肺泡沉积, 进入血液循环, 因而对人体产生的危害更大。美国、欧洲等地流行病学研究表明, 城市空气中PM10和PM2. 5的浓度与医院就诊率、呼吸器官疾病发病率乃至死亡率等诸多有害健康效应之间均有密切关系。 Particulate matter (PM10) and fine particulate matter (PM2. 5) can be suspended in the air for a long time, not easy sedimentation, which are the carriers of a lot of harmful substances in the atmosphere. When they enters the body through respiratory tract, the harm of them often higher than that of a single pollutant. And PM2. 5 is more harmful to human body because of its more small size, most directly pass into the lungs of the human body, and deposit in alveolar, access in the blood circulation. The epidemiological studies 广东工业大学研究生试卷用纸，共6页，第5页 from United States, Europe and other places show that there is a close relationship between the concentrations of PM10 and PM2. 5 in the city air with hospital outpatient rate, respiratory disease morbidity and mortality, and many other harmful health effects. 10. 空气是人类赖以生存的环境，也是微生物增殖和疾病传播的介质。空气微生物颗粒物是空气污染的主要污染物之一，主要包括细菌、真菌、病毒、放线菌、酵母、原生动物和其它微小动植物，其来源与微小动植物的产物和人类活动密切相关。空气微生物的来源有很多种，如土壤中飞起的灰尘; 水面吹起的水雾、人和动物体表干燥脱落的物质，微生物附着在这些物质的微粒上随气流传播; 微生物产生的孢子本身也可漂浮于空气中形成“气溶胶”。有些微生物可以吸附在人类皮肤上，对人类健康造成很大威胁。有的甚至可通过气流传播至很远区域，导致人类的上呼吸道疾病及各种传染病发生。 Air is the survival environment of human and the growth medium of microbial, also the spread of the disease. Air microorganism particulate matter is one of the main pollutants in air pollution, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, actinomyces, yeast, protozoa and other small animals and plants, which source is closely related to the product of small plants and animals and human activities. Air microorganism has a lot of kinds source, such as fly up dust from the soil; blow water mist on the water surface, fall off material by human and animal body surface. Microbial adhesion with the airflow spread on the material particles; spores produced by microbes can also float in the air to form \"aerosol\". Some microbes can be adsorbed on the human skin, caused a great threat to human health. Some even can be transmitted through the air to far area to cause the human upper respiratory tract disease and various kinds of infectious diseases.

广东工业大学研究生试卷用纸，共6页，第6页