一. 思维导图 概念 性定语从句 分类 非性定语从句 先行词 定语从句 两要素 关系代词 关系词 关系副词 指物时关系代词that/which区别 重要考点 介词+关系代词 抽象化的时间、地点名词 基本概念 1、定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。 2、定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句，即，一个句子充当定语。 基本分类 1、性定语从句：对先行词起修饰作用，是不可缺少的成分，去掉之后主句意义不完整。 2、非性定语从句：先行词与定语从句往往有逗号隔开，是对主句的补充说明，如果去掉，应该对整个句意没有影响。非限定定语从句相当于并列句，状语从句等。 Eg: 1、This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（性） Eg. 2、The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非性） 先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。如上面例句和图中的the team ，the man。 关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。 关系代词： that, which, who, whom, whose, as 关系词 关系副词： where, when, why Eg: [She is the very beautiful girl] [that I love best.] 二. 重难点（讲解） 重难点一：在先行词指物的情况下，确定定语从句的关系代词使用that还是which。 I. 关系代词只能用that，而不能用which的情况： 1. 当先行词为不定代词。如： There is nothing (that) I can say about it. 2. 先行词为形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。如： This is the best basketball match that I have ever seen. 3. 先行词被the only 或the very修饰时。如： The only thing that we can do is to ask our teachers’ help. Is this the very museum that you visited the other day? 4. 先行词为序数词或被序数词修饰时。如： The first English film that I saw was “Oliver Twist”. When foreigners talk about China, the first that comes to mind is the Great Wall. 5. 被修饰的先行词被any, all, much, no, little, few等修饰时。如： I am interested in all that you have told me. There isn’t much that I can do. He is one of the few that can work it out in five minutes. 6. 先行词既包含人又包含物时。例如： They talked about the factories and workers that they had visited. 7. 先行词是疑问代词时。如： Which is the book that he bought yesterday? Who that you have ever seen can beat him in the game? 8. 先行词在逻辑上充当定语从句的表语时。如： This is no longer the place that it used to be. He is not the man that he was. II. 关系代词只能用which，不用that 的情况： 1. 引导非性定语从句时，例如： She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart to her mouth. 2. 当关系代词做介词宾语时，例如： He wrote a book in which he could learn about his life. 在上一例句中，引导词“which”作了介词“in”的宾语，所以不可以用“that”代替。 重难点二：在先行词指人的情况下，除了使用关系代词that外，确定定语从句的关系代词使用who还是whom。 1. who适用于先行词指人的场合，who在从句中充当主语，在口语体中who也可以充当从句的宾语。例如： A doctor is a person who / that looks after people’s health. 2. whom也适用于先行词指人的场合，whom在从句中只能充当宾语。例如： Mr. White invited many friends to his party (who / whom / that) he respected much. 3. 介词后关系代词如指代人，只能用whom，且whom也不可省略： Nancy is the right person on whom you can depend. 重难点三：关系代词whose充当从句中的定语的用法以及与介词+关系代词的转换。 表示人的所有：The girl whose father is a model worker is our monitor. 表示物的所有：I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea. the +名词+of + whom (which) 的结构= whose + 名词，下面两组中的三个句子意思相同，例如： A: The river whose banks are covered with trees flows to the sea. The river of which the banks are covered with trees flows to the sea. The river the banks of which are covered with trees flows to the sea. B: There are twenty students, whose backgrounds are different. There are twenty students, the backgrounds of whom are different. There are twenty students, of whom the backgrounds are different. 重难点四：关系代词which, as引导非性定语从句，用于指代整个主句的用法及区别。 1. as的用法 非性定语从句的谓语动词为know, see, suggest, turn out等时，由as引导从句，as指代整个主句，意为“正如”。例如： He disliked the girl, as was expected. A fast food restaurant is a place, as the name suggests, where eating is performed quickly. As it turned out, Mary was the one appointed to the new position. 2. which的用法 当定语从句修饰整个主句时，可以使用关系代词which。例如： They have invited me to diner, which is very kind of them. 3. which, as的区别 which不能置于句首，翻译成“这，这件事”；as 可以放在句首、句中及句末，翻译成“正如…”。 重难点五：关系副词中的一些特殊地点和时间名词。 具体的地点名词后可以接where从句，但其他如case, point, situation, condition, job等表示“情况，方面”的名词也同样加where从句，这种用法源于“in this case, at this point, in this situation, under the condition”等短语。具体的时间名词后可接when从句，但如果先行词为occasion，同样也加when从句。例如： There are many cases where this rule does not hold good. He had to face the conditions where pressure was heavy. I will show you the point where you fail. This is a job where you can learn something. He left his hometown in 2002 since when he has never come back. People may come across the occasion when they want to say something but forget what they are going to say. 重难点六：非性定语从句与性定语从句区别 1. 性定语从句: 与先行词关系密切，如果没有定语从句，主句不完整，且与先行词之间无逗号，如果后面的定语从句去掉，句子意思显然不完整。例如： He asked me a question which was about my study at school. 2. 非性定语从句: 对先行词起补充说明作用，如果删除，主句意义仍然完整，与先行词之间有逗号。例如：Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses. I decided to write about Chaplin, one of whose films I had seen several years before. 3. 必须使用非性定语从句的情况： 1) 当先行词为专有名词或球类、疾病、学科等独一无二的事物时。如： He caught SARS, which threatened people a lot. Basketball, which is now played in over 100 countries, is the most popular game in the world. 2) 当定语从句由“代词/数词/名词/形容词比较级、最高级等+of+which/whom”引导时。如： China has hundreds of islands off its southeast coast, the largest of which is Taiwan. 3) 当定语从句修饰整个主句时。如： They have invited me to visit their country, which is very kind of them. They moved the fallen tree, which took them a long time. 【例题精讲】 例1. As a matter of fact, home accidents are just as common as those we see and hear on the roads, some of________ cause even much more serious consequences.(2016年虹口区一模) Keys:which 【精析】：定语从句主语不完整，填写关系代词代指home accidents 例2. “Many patients specifically choose a city ____ they can enjoy what the place has to offer alongside the treatment,” Helios manager Stefan Boeckle said.(2016年浦东新区一模) Keys where 【精析】：从句不缺成分，先行词city，表地点 例3. These revelations were written down by those ________ were close to him during this time and for several years after his death.（2016年长宁区 一模） Keys:who 【精析】：从句缺主语，who代指先行词those 例4. The orchestra began and he played with such passion and such power and such purity (27) ________ they had never heard before.（2016年金山区一模） Keys:as 【精析】： 例5. The country (36) ______ population of the elderly people has reached a dangerous level, is among the world’s most developed countries.（2016年 闸北区一模） Keys whose 【精析】：定语从句的主语跟先行词是所属关系 【课堂练习】 1.Noarlunga and Payneham, have employed special anti-graffiti offices.Salisbury is among those councils(37)______call on a data bank of volunteers to immediately paint out graffiti “tags”.(黄埔区) Keys:which 2.His brother was in the business of importing celluloid (合成树脂) dolls from Japan but the rubber bands ______ held them together would often break and the dolls would be destroyed. (浦东新区) Keys:that/which 3.I get more done in those few hours than the rest of the day, ______I’m constantly interrupted. 徐汇区 Keys:which 4.It has created a recycling program for clothes,(28) invites people to bring clothes the no longer want to H&M stores.Shoppers who donate old clothes can receive(29) discount on new things they buy.闵行区 Keys:which 5. I am so touched by the capacity of love and understanding 32 comes from my children.奉贤区 Keys:which 6. The teacher has to think up new ways of working-getting students to make a film clip, for instance, (36)____ ________ they present a research setup they have thought up themselves, or to respond to someone else's idea, or to work on a document in groups.\"静安区 Keys:in which 7.AirBnB sent its customers in Paris an email____39__ advised them to stay in place and follow the directions from local authorities.崇明区 Keys:which 8.Most of the adults I met enjoyed inviting friends, family, neighbors, colleagues and even strangers into their homes, (30) they treat them to food, drink, and a lively hospitable atmosphere. Hosts hurried to serve guests as well and as quickly as possible.普陀区 Keys:where 9.Wine had already been made, generally by the men, (32) were also responsible for pouring it. 普陀区 Keys:who 10.But now, places have been found on earth, (40)________ are in total blackness such as caves several miles beneath the surface. 嘉定区 Keys:which 11.These migrant workers are short of hope and prospect of inherited poverty on the part of their children, (31) ______ is the worst thing for them, according to Cheng. 松江区 Keys:which 12.Unfortunately, some of those students find so many interesting Classes___(29)___ they are not able to decide on a major. 杨浦 Keys:that 13.It was the day___(32)___ its first homemade large passenger aircraft, the C919, was shown to the public in Shanghai. 杨浦区 Keys:when 14.It kept going and going. Figueroa, (28)__________ worked from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. on Wednesday, said that the chain reaction almost lasted for her entire shift. 青浦区 Keys:who 15.That is how Kevin Lo, sales manager at Musclecar GT, describes this company (26) _______ reproduces high-quality parts for classic cars. The average customers are 40-to 60-year-old men from around the world.宝山区) Keys:that/which 知识点三（能力提升） 定语从句之翻译 1 判断定语从句翻译考点方法： 1）看关键词：如果关键词给到的是which，as（有时考查让步状语从句）, who ,where等定语从句连接词时。 2）看句式：如果给到的汉语句式为：句子A，+这+句子B。这种类型的基本上都是考查which引导的非性定语从句，which代指前面整个句子的。 3）看修饰语：如果修饰语过长不能用形容词或短语来翻译，可以考虑用定语从句。（注意：如果能用短语或则分词作状语翻译，尽量不要使用定语从句，以体现语言的精炼） 例句1： 59.异常的天气表明我们的生存环境正日益恶化，而这正是大自然给予我们的警告。（which） Unusual weather indicates that our living environment is getting worse, which is the warning to us from nature. 例句2： .浦江南岸有一个野生动物园，那儿可以看到不少濒危动物。(where) On the southern bank of the Huangpu River there is a wildlife park/ wild animal zoo, where you can see many endangered species/animals.（此句中“濒危动物”如果翻译为：the animals which are endangered 就不如例 翻译的简洁） 2汉译英时定语从句的易错点 进行有关定语从句的汉译英时，我们也要掌握一些基本的技巧，避免汉语的负迁移： 1要避免受汉语语序的负迁移的影响，如， 坐在我旁边的女孩是我的女儿。 刚学习定语从句的学生往往把它翻译成 sit next to me the girl is my daughter. 通过对比，我们可以发现，英汉两种语言的顺序截然不同：汉语中的定语总是在被修饰语的前面，而英语的定语若是从句或短语，总是放在被修饰语的后面。上述翻译应改为 The girl who sits next to me is my daughter. 2 要避免受汉语用法的影响而误用引导词，如， This is all what I did in Africa. (这就是我在非洲所做的一切。) 上述英语句子应改为 This is all that I did in Africa. What 往往可以翻译为“所---”，但却不可引导定语从句。 3 在“有---人做某事”的句式中，容易漏掉引导词，如， There are thousands of visitors visit the Great Wall every year. （每年都有成千上万的游客游览长城。） 上述句子应改为 There are thousands of visitors who visit the Great Wall every year. 或Thousands of visitors visit the Great Wall every year. 4 没有主句的句子里不可出现定语从句，如， Tom, a clever boy, who is twelve years old.（汤姆是个聪明的孩子，今年12岁了。） 应改为 Tom, a clever boy, is twelve years old. 在把带有定语从句的英语句子翻译成汉语时，要充分考虑汉语的表达习惯，有时要进行谓语化或定语化翻译，有时要进行状语化翻译，把较长的英语句子翻译成几个汉语句子，并能体现他们之间因果、让步、并列等的关系；而在进行汉译英时则要充分考虑英语的语法，避免汉语的负迁移。 能力检测：2016年高三一模翻译汇编 1. 问了快递人员后，他被告知在网上买的礼物三天后才到上海。（after)（普陀区2016一模） After asking the delivery man, he was informed the present he bought on the internet would arrive in three days. 2. 近来采取了一系列措施治理环境污染，这些措施在部分城市已取得初步成效。（achieve） (徐汇2016一模) Recently, the government has taken a series of measures to cope with the environmental pollution, which has achieved initial success in some cities. 3．很多国际组织敦促双方应该保持冷静以遏制局势的进一步恶化，但这毫无作用。（urge v.） (青浦2016一模) Many international organizations urged that both sides should keep calm to stop the situation from getting worse, which did not work at all. 4．经常换工作和住所的人常常没有安全感并且缺乏责任心。（who）(2016黄浦一模) People who often change their jobs and shelters seem to have no sense of safety and lack responsibility. 5．有所得就有所失，我们要意识到这一点。(while) (静安区2016一模) Gaining while losing, which we should be aware of. 6. 从顾客的肢体语言，这个售货员就能知道他想买什么，这让那位顾客十分惊讶。(amaze) (2016虹口一模) From the customer’s body language, the sop assistant can exactly know what he wants to buy, which amaze the customer very much. 7 .许多人喜欢用手机记录下给他们留下深刻印象的动人瞬间。（impress）(2016宝山一模) Many people love to record moving moments that impress them deeply with their cellphones. 一般来说解决定语从句相关习题需要三个步骤：第一，先判定是定语从句；第二，看从句中缺何种成分；第三，看先行词指代什么，如下表所示： 定语从句找关系词解题技巧 ➢ 首先分清主句和定语从句 2. 确定定语从句的先行词 3. 把先行词带回到定语从句中去，看其在定语从句中做什么语法成分（主，宾，定或状语） 4. 若先行词在从句中做主语、宾语或定语则选关系代词，若在从句中做状语，则选关系副词 1.---Is that the small town you often refer to? ---Right, just the one _______ you know I used to work for years. where 2. The author was brought up in a small village in the remote mountain area, _________is described in some of his short stories.as 3. for many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further, _____New York is an example.of which 4. The government has revised the budget, 5% of ________ will be used to help develop the small and medium-sized enterprises.which 5. Children who are not active or ________ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.whose 6. The film brought the hours back to me ________ I fought side by side with my fellow soldiers in the Anti-Japanese War.when 7. Sometimes failure is not a bad thing. Even a failure ________ seems total can inspire fresh thinking.that 8. Children usually think of their class teacher as someone ________ they can turn when they are in difficulty.to whom 9. It is the fifth time in this month that Christina has been turned down by the companies she applied to, _______ discourages her a lot.which 10. Beijing was attacked by such a terrible sandstorm ________ few citizens had ever experienced.as 11. He’s got himself into a dangerous situation ________ he is likely to lose control over the plane.where 12. The singing group was so well received that the size of the audience, _________we had expected, was well over ten thousand.as 13. Who doesn’t hate him _________ knows how cruel he is ?that 14. I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school ________ I met in the English speech contest last year.who 15. She was educated at Beijing University, ________ she went on to have her advanced study abroad. after which 16. The small-engine cars, ________ fuel and maintenance costs are much lower than those of bigger cars, do give the consumers a lot of convenience.whose 17. She’ll never forget her stay there ________ she found her son who had gone missing two years before.when 18. This is a kind of production line ______workers stand and add one part to each car as the assembly line passes.where 19. Mr. Wang, _______ help we visited last year, was one of the first of the professional guides.with whose 20. That Senior 3 student expressed his wish that he could enjoy a carefree winter holiday, _______, unluckily, was hardly possible.which 【2016年二模】 1.上海迪斯尼乐园肯定会成为一个值得多次游览的旅游景点。(worth)（虹口区） Shanghai Disneyland is sure to become a place of interest / a scenic spot / a tourist attraction / destination (which/ that is) worth touring / visiting many times. 2.汤姆错过了那场公众评价很高的电影，并非因为买不到电影票，而是因为交通堵塞。（available） （虹口区） Tom missed the movie (which / that) the public speak / spoke highly of not because the movie ticket was not available but because he met with / came across a traffic jam. 3 让没有受过专业培训的人操纵机器是不负责任的行为。(who)（黄浦区） It is irresponsible/not responsible to allow someone who hasn’t received/had professional training to operate the machine. 4. 他在一些无关紧要的事上花费太多时间，导致了整个项目的失败。(lead to)（浦东新区） He spent too much time on some unimportant / less important things/(in) doing what was unimportant, which led to the failure of the whole project. 5.要想发展科学，必须营造一种鼓励创新的环境，要允许自由探索，提倡学术争鸣。(advocate)（徐汇区） To develop science, we must create an environment which encourages innovation, and we must allow free exploration (of new things) and advocate academic debate. 6. 为了免受交通拥挤之苦, 越来越多的市民搬到了市郊，享受渴望已久的宁静生活。(free)（闵行区） To be free of (from) heavy traffic, more and more citizens move to the suburbs,enjoying a peaceful life (which/that) they have been eager for a long time. 7.趁一切还来得及，去赞美你爱着、关心着的人吧。 (before) （奉贤区） Compliment (Pay compliments to) those you love and care for/about before it is too late. 8.正如之前预料的一样，参与家长会的很多家长自告奋勇承担了校园检查员的职务（as）（闸北区） As was expected beforehand, many parents who attended the parents’ meeting volunteered to take on the responsibility of campus inspectors. 9. 学习的最大目标是使学生拥有克服困难和持续学习的能力，而不是将他们变成只会应付考试的机器（aim）（闸北区） The biggest aim of study is to make students own the ability to conquer difficulties and conduct continuous learning instead of changing them into machines that only can handle tests.
