文体学资料

Identify the preverbal S and X elements in the following text What effects do they create? Text 7

S(Strether‟s first question,) X(when he reached the hotel,) V(was) X(about his friend;)X( yet on his learning that Waymarsh was apparently not to arrive till evening)S( he)V( was not wholly disconcerted.)2 S(A telegram from him bespeaking a room „only if not noisy, reply paid,)V( was produced )X(for the inquirer at the office,) so that S(the understanding they should meet at Chester rather than at Livepool)V( remained )X(to that extent sound. )3S(The same secret principle, however, that had prompted Strether not absolutely to desire Waymarsh‟s presence at the dock, that had led him thus to postpone for a few hours his enjoyment of it ,)X( now) V(operated)X to make him feel he could still wait without disappointment.)4S (They )V(would dine)X( together at the worst, )and X (with all respect to dear old Waymarsh –if not even for that matter, to himself-)S (there ) V (was)X ( little fear that in the sequel they shouldn‟t see enough of each other. )S(The principle I have just mentioned as operating)V ( had been, ) X (with the most newly disembarked of the two men, wholly instinctive-the fruit of a sharp sense that, delightful as it would be to find himself looking, after so much separation, into his comrade‟s face, his business would be a trifle bungled should he simply arrange for this countenance to present itself to the nearing steamer as the first „note‟of Europe.)X (Mixed with everything) V (was) S (the apprehension, already, on Strether‟s part, that he would, at best, throughout, prove the note of Europe in quite a sufficient degree.)

(The main syntactic feature of this text is a succession of very heavy preverbal elements. This is a marked characteristic, as the preverbal elements in English are usually light. It gives the text its dense, difficult-to-follow quality. This is because our normal processing expectations are constantly upset by the delaying of the main verb before the main one. The frequent heavy modification of S elements and the constant interpolation of X elements helps to give the impression of a punctilious, even rather pedantic, central character, who is perhaps made acutely self-aware by being in a foreign country.

The other effect of the delaying of the main verb is to echo the delights of postponement so dwelt upon in the passage. Strether savours and wants to extend the time before he has to meet his old friend, and expresses this apparent paradox by means of negativisation as well as preverbal modification. Notice the number and position of negatives in the text. Not only is the word not repeated, but there are also words and phrases such as not wholly disconcerted, without disappointment, at the worst, a trifle bungled, apprehension, which whilst acting as positive in context, are constituted of negative elements. These two syntactic techniques show Strether‟s contrary state of mind-he both wants to meet his old friend, and also to put off the moment as long as possible. )

Synecdoche 提喻

Webster‟s New World Dictionary: “ a figure of speech in which a part is used for whole, an individual for a class, a

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material for a thing, or the reverse of any of these. (Ex: bread for food, the army for a soldier, or copper for a penny)”

1． 涉及到局部代替全体时：此局部往往是全体的要害之处

He has seven mouths to feed in his family.

2. 涉及到以全体代替局部时：总体的感觉大于或强于局部的感觉

The surgeon cut me up and took out the appendix and stitched me up again.

The bus conked out. 〔美口〕突然停止(车出毛病) 3. 涉及到具体代替抽象或代替具体时: 着眼点在于表述的生动

He is now left without a roof. We lived under the same roof.

“Even you don‟t know Pavlov‟s dog! （巴甫洛夫条件反

射学）

All the wit and learning of the world were assembled there.(有智慧有学问的人)

借代（Metonymy）三段式联想

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思想的对象 A………. B 另一事物 ＼ ／ C 联想点

Beware of the bottle. ( Beware of drinking (wine)). Bottle –wine container –drinking wine

The red eyes walked into the classroom. the red eyes--- a man with red eyes ----the man (who has the red eyes)三段

式跳跃

比较：Her eyes sparkled like small blue circle of ice.(她的

眼睛光闪闪的像小小的蓝色冰球) eyes ----like 二段式比喻

运用: 1.借名代实 作者名－作品

Have you ever read Jack London? 2. 商品名－商品

Joanne burned Player after Player in her nervousness at his father‟s eccentric (古怪地全神贯注地)and preoccupied driving. (John Updike: Home) 抽烟 3．人名－事物或观念

To appreciate it really one has to see it from underneath the fall, and to do that it is necessary to be dressed in a

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yellow oil-skin, which is as ugly as a mackintosh –and I hope none of you ever wears one. (Oscar Wilde: Impressions of America) 马金托什雨衣 4．产地－产品

He was behind the arras. 挂毯 5．机构地名－机构 1982)

1． Sometimes the pen may be mightier than the sword . 文人---武士

STEPIN ON PEKING‟S TOES (the Guardian, Oct. 17,

2． He was raised to the bench 法官 III．借容器代容器中的物品 1． The kettle is boiling.

2． We discussed the matter over a bottle. IV. 借特征代人或物 1． The British lion 英国人

2． boiled lobster 英国海军步兵队的兵 3． the Bear 俄罗斯 V.借概念代实体

Death fell in showers. Death ---Bullet VI．借人体器官代能力 He has a good ear for music.

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He has a sharp tongue. VII.借专用词语代另外的概念

A single code word cabled from Kissinger to Nixon, “Eureka” advised that the trip that the trip had been successful. 由里卡 表达比思想更多的内容

O, for a beaker full of the warm South (John Keats:” Ode to a Nightingale”) 南方的美酒 a beaker of gin 一

大杯杜松子酒

Synecdoche （提喻）与借代（metonymy）的区别 1． 隶属与非隶属 a. Let‟s drink a cup or two b. The kettle is boiling.

c. The pen is mightier than the sword. d. They were short of hands. e. My TV is out of order.

f. He could hardly earn his everyday bread. More examples：

The gray hair should be respected.（年长的人）m The soldier is a valiant heart . 勇敢的人 s

She was to be sure a girl who excited the emotions but I

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was not one to let my heart rule my head. （heart ---emotion head ---thinking ）m We had dinner at ten dollars a head.

Yet there were some stout heart who attempted resistance.(C.S. Forester) 坚定的人 s

Last year nearly 5.8 million vehicles rolled off the assembly lines. 汽车

Alas, that Spring should vanish with the rose!(Edward Fitzgerald)

Put down the steel!(原材料-产品)

The girls here were all dressed in silks and satins

在涉及到以具体代抽象或以抽象代具体的情况时,流行的看法是把它们看作是提喻而不是借代:

He has a smooth tongue. Simile

主体(Primary term/ tenor ; 喻体(secondary term/vehicle)

明喻的引导方式大约有如下几类： 1. 用常用的介词 是like, as

The trains flowed like a torrent of diamonds towards the interior.(或车像奔流的钻石一样向着内陆

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流去.)

In his dream he saw the tiny figure fall as a fly.(在他的梦中他看见那小小的人影像苍蝇一般地落了下去.) 2. 用介词短语引导 (of phrase)

They crowded around the two strangers and the flood or questions came.(他们围住了两个陌生人,问题如潮水般涌来.) 3. 用从属连接词引导 1) as or like

A farm lay quite visible, like a white stone (lay) in water.(农庄清晰可辨犹白石映在水中) 2) (as)…… as

The sapphire shall be as blue as the great sea. 蓝.)

4. 用what引导

A is to B what C is to D. What C is to D, A is to B.

The pen is to a writer what the gun is to a fighter. (作家的笔犹如战士的.)

What sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to soul.( 教育之于心灵犹如雕刻之于大理石.)

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(蓝宝石像大海一样

用形容词比较级引导

The ruby shall be redder than a red rose.(红宝石比还要红.)

He had no more idea of money than a cow.(他对金钱像

牛对金钱一样一无所知)

5. 用并列连词and引导

Love and cough cannot be hid.(爱情像咳嗽一样是掩盖不了的.)

主体与喻体的前后位置

Who is to blame but her tyrant of a father.（怪谁呢？只有怪那暴君般的父亲。）（ 喻体在前）

A doctor must have the heart of a lion and the hand of a lady.（当一个医生必须有狮子般的胆量和仕女般的巧手。）（主体在前喻体在后） 主体与喻体的变态形式 多重主喻体

He wants it all with a horrible intensity, as the faun wants the nymph.（他非常强烈地渴望这一切，像农牧之神渴望林间的仙女一样。）主体He与喻体faun 主体it 与喻体nymph。（双重的主体与喻体） 句子作主体与喻体

A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.(喻体) One

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of the greatest virtue is to grasp “now”(主体). （手中抓住一只鸟胜过林中两只鸟：最真实有效的莫过于把握住现在。） 隐喻

A 像B或B像A (simile); A是B或B是A (metaphor )名喻在形式上只是相类的关系, 隐喻在形式上是相和的关系.

“隐喻实质上是明喻与夸张的融合, 或者说是比喻意义的夸张式表达: 夸张处于表层,比喻处于深层.” 隐喻的种类

1. The concretive metaphor( 具象化隐喻,即把抽象的概念予以具体化)

e.g. the pain of separation分离之苦 the light of learning 智慧之光 a vicious circle 恶性循环 room for negotiation 谈判的余地

2. The animistic metaphor ( 生机式隐喻, 即赋予无生命之物以生命) e.g. an angry sky愤怒的天空 graves yawned 呻吟的坟墓 killing half-an- hour 要命的半小时 shoulder of the hill 山脊

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3. the humanizing(anthropomorphic) metaphor e.g. friendly river 有好的河流 laughing valleys 欢笑的山谷 4. The synaesthetic metaphor

通感式隐喻或联觉式隐喻,即感官的联通与移用,如听见声音,在感官上反映出来的却是看见颜色

e.g. warm colour 暖色 dull sound 沉闷的声音

(from Leech)

隐喻: 认知世界的隐喻概念体系

隐喻不仅是语言修辞手段,而且还是人们认知世界的一种思维和行为方式------- 隐喻概念体系(metaphorical concept system)

Metaphors We Live by 一书中列举了三种隐喻:a)结构隐喻(structural metaphor ;b) 方位隐喻( orientational metaphor); c)实体隐喻(ontological metaphor)

e.g. 1) Time is money. (waste my time, save me hours, cost me an hour)

I don‟t have the time to give you.(没空跟你耗)

2)You are in high spirits. He is really low these

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days. He is really low these days.

I‟m feeling up. My spirits rose. I‟m feeling down. I‟m depressed.

3)We‟re out of trouble now. (Trouble is regarded as container.)

His criticisms were right on target. (from 10.3 文体学概论) LIFE IS A JOURNEY

The person leading a life is a traveler. His purposes are destinations.

The means for achieving purposes are routes. Difficulties in life are impediments(障碍物) to travel. Councilors are guides.

Progress is the distance traveled. Choices are crossroads.

“隐喻是各学科通向未来的工具.” (胡壮麟) 博喻(sustained metaphor)

两个或两个以上的喻体去比喻同一个主体,在修辞学上称之为博喻.

e.g. Beauty is but a vain and doubtful good. A shining gloss that vadeth suddenly;

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A flower that dies when first it begins to bud; A brittle glass that‟s broken present … ( Shakespeare) 美只不过是难以确定的浮光掠影 华彩耀目却会突然失去光明 花儿刚刚绽放转瞬即已枯萎 玻璃已经敲碎眼前顿失晶莹……

(美(主体) shining gloss, a flower, a brittle glass (喻体) 延喻

特点: „make an initial comparison and then develop it , expanding his (the author‟s ) idea as he does.‟ E.g. Laws … like cobwebs, where the small flies are caught and the great break through (F. Bacon) (法律…….犹如蛛网, 小的苍蝇被网住了而大苍蝇却冲破而过. Hyperbole ( 夸张)( overstatement)

2) cognitive function (认知功能) 2） performative function （实效功能）3） affective function（感染功能）

Hamlet: I loved Ophelia: forty thousand brothers

could not, with all their quantity of love, make up my sum.(我爱奥菲莉亚， 四万兄弟的爱集合起来也抵不上我的爱。

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（本质上符合事实：在本质上不违反质量准则） His eloquence would split rocks. (他的雄辩能开岩

裂石。)

My left leg weighs three tons. (我的左腿重三吨。) You write ten times better than any man in the

congress. (你写得比议会中的任何人都要好上十倍。)

Years of hard work, little food, only a cold room to

live in and never, never a moment to rest.(多年艰苦的工作，吃得很少，住在一间寒冷的房间里，并且从来就不休息那麽一会儿)

Here was wealth beyond computation, almost beyond

imagination.(这里的财富数不胜数，超出想象。)

The flakes were falling thick and hard now , pouring past

the window a waterfall of mystery.( 雪下得又厚又猛，好似神秘的瀑布在窗外倾泻)

An ounce of wisdom is worth a million tons of books

（一盎司智慧抵得上百万吨书本）

Life is happiness, each minute might have been an age of

happiness.(生活就是幸福，每一分钟都能拥

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有无穷无尽的幸福。

Understatement(低调陈述)

“Statement that expresses an idea, etc, too weakly”.

低调陈述如何与夸张相对：“低调陈述是与夸张相反的辞格。夸张是夸大其词，极而言之；低调是轻描淡写，含蓄内敛。夸张是deliberately maximize the importance, 低调是deliberately minimize the importance;夸张是 play up, 低调是 play down; 夸张是high profile, 低调是 low profile.

１． 正话反说（litotes 曲言法） As lean was his horse as is a rake, And he was not right fat.

I undertake.(他的马瘦得像钉耙，骨骼清晰，而他也不那麽胖，我敢担保，真的不胖。)

Who cannot rely on such an honest man?(Everybody can rely on such an honest man.谁能不信任这样一个正直的人？)

The face wasn‟t a bad one: it had what they called charm. ( The face was pretty.)( 这张脸不算难看，它有着人们所说得妩媚。)

２． 回避正面之说或不做正面的回答

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Why should you be so late today?(Why are you so late today?)（你今天怎麽来得这麽晚？） ……Others could be better. I wish I could write better. 3. 弱说代替强说

（a bit, almost, hardly, kind of rather, pretty, scarcely, quite, something of ,sort of ……downtoners (meiosis 弱陈法)

Mr. Li is something of a philosopher.(李先生略有哲学家的风味)

He pronunciation is rather good.(他的发音相当好。) Her pronunciation is very (quite, pretty, fairly) good.(praise) rather good (虽赞扬但语气上很慎重) 4． 加强说话效果的手段

The man is no fool. (这个人绝不是傻瓜) （The man extremely smart十分精明 ）

5． 含蓄： 给受话者多留出些想象的空间

In fact she was everything you have never read about her.(她与你读到过的戴安娜完全不是一回事)

6贬抑： 不能忽视它本来具有的贬抑型的用法特点 something of ；something like 7应用范围宽泛的语气上的委婉

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8 委婉的语气： 具有审慎意味的表达

A more suitable man for the work could scarcely have been found. (当时要为这个工作找一个更适当的概是不可能的了。)

You should have been here earlier. （你应该早点到这里的。）

She felt ashamed to have done such a thing.（作了这件事他感到很惭愧）

9. 把刺激性近量地往低处调的讽刺

You may have something of a Roosevelt, something of a Newton in yourself,….( 你也许具有那麽一点罗斯福的才能，牛顿的智慧，

10． 感染与认知的功能 (affective and cognitive)

“低调” 偏重于感染的功能, “陈述”偏重于认知功能，在 “表事”、“表情”两种语域中都有偏重修辞格，综合起来看，低调陈述一个事件给人以信息又用“低调”表达说话人的感情色彩。让受话人在获取信息的同时又感觉到委婉、含蓄的气息，而且这种气息又依语境的不同分别会具有讽刺、审慎、幽默等等的意味。

Irony (反语)

1) 词语反语(antiphrasis), 2) 情景式反语(situation irony) 3) 与引语词反语(quotation irony)

e.g. This diligent student seldom reads more than an

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hour per month.这个勤奋的学生每个月读书时间不超过一个小时

What a noble illustration of the tender laws of his favored country!__ they let the paupers go to sleep.(Charles Dickens) 他亲爱的祖国有着多麽温柔体贴的法律, 其高尚仁慈的例证就是他们让穷人睡觉.

He is a fine friend.

(三价意指：（S means Y by X） “说话者通过X意指Y” ) “它是一个坏朋友.” Pun (双关)

修辞学上辞格之一, 利用语言文字上同音 或同义的关系, 是一句话关涉到两件事.(属于借代范畴) 分类

1. 同音双关 (homophonic pun) 2. 近音双关 ( paronomasia)” 3. 同词异义双关 (antalaclasis) 4. 一词多义双关 (sylletic pun) 5. 歧解双关 (asteismus)

e.g. 1. Make your every hello a real good-buy. ( 让你的每一声”哈罗” 都真的物有所值.)

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2. Drunk drivers often put the quart before the hearse.( 酗酒的驾车人常把酒放在柩车)之前) (put the cart before the horse)

3. To England will I steal and there I‟ll steal.(我悄悄地溜到英国就在那儿偷.)

4. Call me what instrument you will, though you can

fret me, yet you cannot play upon me.(无论你把我

叫做什么乐器,你也只能撩拨我,不能玩弄我.)

5. The clerk: … Can you see a female ?

Augustus: Of course , I can see a female as easily

as a man. Do you suppose I‟m blind?(职员: 你

能见一位女性吗? 奥古斯都: 当然啦,我能看见一位女性就像我能看见一位男性那样容易, 你以为我是瞎子吗?)

双关的本质特点: 1. 话语意义的中心落在歧义上 What kind of money do girls like the most?

Matrimony.(女孩子喜欢什么样的钱? 姻缘.)

Try your sweat corn. You‟ll smile from

ear to ear. (试一试我们的甜玉米,你将笑得合不拢嘴,吃了一个又一个.) (1-2 同音双关；3-5 同词双关)

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2. 双重语境

Why are lawyers all uneasy sleepers? Because they

lie first on one side, and then on the other, and remain wide awake all the time.( 为什么律师都很难入睡? 因为他们首先在这一边撒谎,然后有在另一边撒谎, 并且为免出错还要一直保持高度的清醒.

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