英语语法虚拟语气

语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对发生的动作或所处的状态所持有的态度和看法。英语中有三种语气，即陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气。

这里主要谈谈虚拟语气，虚拟语气表示的是说话人的主观愿望，假设和虚拟的情况，用在非真实条件句中，表示与事实相反或很难实现的愿望。 动词的形式有以下几种变化：

（1）表示与现在事实相反的假设，非真实条件句中的谓语动词用“

过去式（be动词的过去式用were）”，而主句中的谓语动词用“would / should/ could / might + 动词原形”。如：If I were a boy, I would join the army.

（2）表示与过去的事实相反，非真实条件句中的谓语动词用过去完成时，主句中的谓语动词则用“would / should / might / could + have +过去分词”。如：

If he had taken my advice, he would have succeeded in the competition. If I had known her telephone number, I would have called her.

（3）表示与将来事实相反，非真实条件句中的谓语动词用一般过去时或should(were to) + 动词原形，而主句中的谓语动词则用would / should/could might + 动词原形。如； If it were to rain tomorrow, the football match would be put off.

（4）错综时间虚拟条件句：当非真实条件句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作相应调整。如：

If they had worked hard, they would be very tired now. (从句说的是过去，主句指的是现在)

If she hadn't trained so hard, she wouldn't be able to run so fast. 如果她以前训练没有这么刻苦的话，她现在不可能跑那么快。 （从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反）。

If he had died in the accident, he couldn't stand in front of you now. 如果他在那次事故中死去，现在就不会站在你面前。

以下表格是虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中时，主句和从句谓语动词的形式：

条件状语从句 主 句 与过去事实相should /would/could/might + have + 反 had + 过去分词 过去分词 与现在事实相would/should/could/might + 动词原反 一般过去时(be用were) 形 与将来事实相一般过去时或would/should/could/might + 动词原反 should(were to) + 动词原形 形

注意：有时候可省略if,把助动词，情态动词或be动词提前,句子则可换成下列形式，即“were / had / should +主语”。如：

Were I a boy, I would join the army.

Had he taken my advice, he would have succeeded.

Were it not for the expense, I would go to Britain.

虚拟语气在从句的应用：

1. 在 It is (high ) time that的句型中，that 从句的谓语动词要用过去式表示虚拟语气，但意指“未来” ，意思是“是……的时候了” ，句中的“that ”可以省略。例如：

It is high time they were taught a lesson .（该是教训他们的时候了）。 2. 在If only 引导的感叹句中，也要用虚拟语气，谓语形式与非真实条件句的从句相同，意为“要是……该多好啊！”或“但愿……” 。例如：

If only we hadn’t miss the classes! (要是我们没有旷课多好啊！)。

3. 虚拟语气在as if/as though、even if/even though等引导的表语从句或状语从句中，用过去完成时had done，表示对过去的虚拟；用一般过去时did (were), 表示对现在和将来的虚拟，如： He did it as if he were an expert.

Even if she were here, she could not solve the problem. 4. 在下列主语从句中用虚拟语气，结构为“should+动词原形”。 It is (was) important (necessary, natural, strange, urgent) that…

It is (was) suggested (desired, ordered, required, commanded, requested) that… 例如：It is required that you (should) start before seven o’clock.

It is very important that one should master the skills of computer. 5. 在某些动词的宾语从句中用虚拟语气，其结构为“（should）+动词原形。

常见的动词有： insist, order, demand, advise, suggest, propose, demand, require, request, urge， recommend(推荐）等。例如，

We suggested that the meeting (should) be put off. I required that he (should) come to my office. He insisted that you (should）be seated there. 注意：

① 当suggest不表“建议”而表“暗示”、“表明”时，从句中的谓动不用虚拟语气。 Her expression suggested (that）she was angry. ② 当insist表示“坚持认为”，表坚持对已发生事情的看法时宾语从句不用虚拟语气。 He insisted that he hadn't stolen the money.

6. 在某些同位语和表语从句中，用虚拟语气，谓语动词形式(should)+动词原形。

常见的名词advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等。例如：

Our English teacher gave advice that we should make good use of every chance to speak English. 7. 虚拟语气在wish 引导的宾语从句中的运用 1）与现在事实相反：过去式 例如：

I wish I knew the boss. (我希望我认识老板。) 2）与过去事实相反： had +过去分词

I wish I had played basketball yesterday. (我希望我昨天打篮球了。) 3）与将来事实相反： could / would / might + 动词原形

I wish they would come here tonight. (我希望今天晚上他们会来这里。)。

此外，在It is wished that结构中和以wish 作名词时所引导的表语从句或同位语从句中也要用虚拟语气。例如： It is wished that it wouldn’t rain tomorrow. (要是明天不下雨多好啊！)

The wish that he wanted to be a teacher will come true. (他想当教师的愿望会实现的。)

8. would rather + 从句的用法与wish 相同，例如：

I would rather that I hadn’t made the mistakes. (我宁愿没有犯错误。)

此外， 在含有 but for ,without ,otherwise 等词语的句子（即含蓄虚拟条件句）中，要用虚拟语气，谓语动词与非真实条件句的主句相同 。例如：

Without the doctor’s help, the patients couldn’t have recovered so quickly. (没有医生的帮助，这些病人不可能恢复的这么快)。

I wasn’t here yesterday. Otherwise, I would have saved the child. (昨天我不在，否则我已经救了那孩子)。

But for your mother's help, we wouldn't have finished the work. 要不是你妈妈帮忙，我们不可能完成这项工作。

虚拟语气在高考中的应用：

1．一些常见的虚拟语气的句型或结构。

2．虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式。

3．主从句表示不同的时间概念、事实或假设情况，从而交错成为复合虚拟语气。 4．含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气的表示愿望的虚拟形式。

此外，上述四个要点往往在完形填空或者阅读理解里面存在，完形填空常有一道直接考这方面的知识的题目，而在阅读理解里，我们掌握上述四个重点对于我们理解文章的大意和作者态度很有帮助，了解哪些观点是作者假设的、虚拟的，哪些是真实的，这样对于我们回答关于作者态度观点题很有帮助。

Appreciating poem To dream anything that you want to dream. That's the beauty of human kind. To do anything that you want to do. That's the strength of human will. To trust yourself to test your limits. That's the courage to succeed. 梦想你想憧憬的一切， 这是灵魂之美。 做你想做的一切， 这是意志之坚。

相信自己，挑战极限， 乃成功之必备的勇气。

虚拟语气练习题精选

1. If she had worked harder, she______.

A. would succeed B. had succeeded C. should succeed D. would have succeeded 2. I wish I_________ you yesterday.

A. seen B. did see C. had seen D. were to see

3. If my lawyer__________ here last Saturday, he__________ me from going. A. had been, would have prevented B. had been would prevent C. were, would prevent D. were, would have prevented 4. Without electricity human life___________ quite different today. A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be 5. —If he_______, he_______ that food.

—Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.

A. was warned, would not take B. had been warned, would not have taken C. would be warned, had not taken D. would have been warned, had not taken 6. I told Sally how to get there, but perhaps I ___________ for her. A. had to write it out B. must have written it out C. should have written it out D. ought to write it out

7. I didn’t see your sister at the meeting. If she _________, she would have met my brother.A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come 8. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it___________

A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken 9. You didn’t let me drive. If we _____ in turn, you ________so tired. A. drove, didn’t get B. drove, wouldn’t get

C. were driving, wouldn’t D. had driven, wouldn’t have got

10. The two strangers talked as if they ________ friends for years. A. should be B. would be C. have been D. had been 11. ________it rain tomorrow, we have to put off the visit to Yangpu Bridge. A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will

12. If only he _________ quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now. A. lies B. lay C. had lain D. should lie 13. —We could have gone there by bus. —Yes, otherwise we _______ late.

A. weren’t B. hadn’t been C. couldn’t be D. couldn’t have been 14. The teacher demanded that the exam______ before eleven.

A. must finish B. would be finished C. be finished D. must be finished 15. I wouldn’t have succeeded___________ for his help then.

A. hadn’t it been B. were it not C. had it been not D. had it not been 16. If it ______for the snow, we ______ the mountain yesterday. A. were not, could have climbed B. were not could climb

C. had not been, could have climbed D. had not been, could climb

奥赛班英语 17. Had you listened to the doctor, you _____ all right now.

A. are B. were C. would be D. would have been

18. The suggestion has been made _____ the basketball game _____ put off. A. for; to B. that; be C. which; should be D. to; being 19. If he had listened carefully, he ________ the problem now. A. can work out B. could work out

C. could have worked out D. can have worked out 20. If only I ______ as young as you are! A. being B. am C. be D. were

21. I suggested there ____ be a kind of language all could understand and use ____ A. can; it B. /; / C. would; it D. may; /

22. She made the demand that the journalists _____ at once ______ Iraq. A. leave; for B. leave; to C. left; to D. to be left; for 23. What should we do if it_______tomorrow?

A. should snow B. would snow C. snow D. will snow 24. He ______ the test, but he wasn’t careful enough. A. could have passed B. were able to pass C. must have passed D. might be able to pass

25. The teacher demanded that the exam _____ before eleven.

A. must finish B. would be finished C. be finished D. must be finished

26. Mother suggested we _________ TV before we have finished our homework. A. not watching B. not to watch C. didn’t watch D. not watch 27. The doctor’s words suggested that the old man ___________ seriously iii. A. be B. was C. were D. to be

28. Our English teacher insisted that it ___________ important to study English well. A. be B. was C. is D. to he

29. If you ______ at school, you ______ a college student now. A. had studied hard, would have been

B. should have studied hard, should have been C. had studied hard, would be

D. would study hard, must have been

30. —We could have walked to the station, it was so near. —Yes. A taxi ________at all necessary.

A. wasn’t B. hadn’t been C. wouldn’t be D. won’t be 31. A few minutes earlier and we ____ the train.

A. have caught B. had caught C. could have caught D. were to catch 32. I ________ you some money, but I hadn’t any on me then.

A. would lend B. would have lent C. could lend D. may have lent 33. She made the demand that she _____ at once. A. leave B. leaves C. left D. to be left

34. The young man insisted that he_________ nothing wrong and _________ free. A. did, set B. had done, should be set C. do, be set D. had done, must be set 35. —I be free tomorrow, I could go with you.

A. Could B. Should C. Might D. Must

基础知识回顾与检测

1. In order to change attitudes ________ employing women, the government is bringing in new laws. A. about B. of C. towards D. at 2. We all like to make friends with him because he always ________.

A. has words B. has a word C. keeps his word D. keeps his words 3. It rained for two weeks, completely ________ our holiday. A. ruined B. ruin C. to ruin D. ruining

4. Tom, turn down the music. Why ________ you make such a big noise while your baby sister is sleeping? A. must B. would C. should D. may 5. We don’t doubt ________ the boy can ________ the angry teacher. A. if; apologize for B. whether; apologize to C. that; apologize to D. what; apologize 6. ---- Have we ________ water? ---- Yes. We’d better get some. A. run out B. run out of C. run into D. run across 7. —Dad, our teacher suggests ________ widely to achieve progress in our writing. —It’s up to you to ________ the decision.

A. reading; make B. to read; make C. reading; making D. to read; making 8. ________ can you expect to get a pay rise.

A. Only with hard work B. Although work hard C. With hard work D. Now that he works hard

9. Sport plays an important role in our lives. Some enjoy playing ________others enjoy watching. A. as B. however C. while D. when 10. It is high time that someone ________ you how to behave yourself. A. taught B. teaches C. shall teach D. will teach 11. This classroom is __________ that one.

A. three times bigger as B. three times as big C. three times the size of D. as three times big as

12. Jane __________ a lot of Spanish by playing with the native boys and girls. A. picked up B. took up C. made up D. turned up

13. __________ of the land in that district ___________ covered with trees and grass. A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; are

14. Don’t try to _________ any excuse, Alan. Tell me why you didn’t come to school today. A. show up B. make up C. give up D. step up

15. He was born in Beijing and _____ by his grandma in a seaside village. A. brought in B. brought out C. brought up D. brought back

16. After the flood, there were hundreds of homeless people that needed _____. A. rescued B. being rescued C. to rescue D. to be rescued 17．Do you have any on drunk driving? A．account B．comment C．summary D．belief

18. I simply couldn’t understand how it _____ that you did so much work within such a short time． A．came about B．came back C．came up D．came along

19．The workers are working very hard __________ they can finish their work ahead of time． A．in order to B．so as to C．as if D．so that 20．His wife ________him to stop smoking, but he didn’t listen.

A. advised B. persuaded C. suggested D. forced 21．--- He has been playing computer games these weeks. --- It’s no ______ he didn’t do well in the test this time.

A. wonder B. matter C. surprise D. problem

22．They offered a lot of useful information for your report. I can understand how you must be feeling now . A．willing B．upset C．grateful D．curious

23．The government will ____ the local villagers for their taking care of the young trees planted this spring. A．reward B．recover C．rescue D．request

24．The large house, which is surrounded by trees and flowers, is what she wants. A．directly B．exactly C．gradually D．extremely

25．On entering my mother school, I’m surprised at its great changes, especially the harmony (协调) of color,

which ____ its beauty.

A．adds up B．adds to C．adds in D．adds up to

26．We are asked to take detailed notes in class because they are more than our memory. A．active B．reliable C．honest D．stubborn

27．Running from Gansu province to Hebei province, the Great Wall is ____ as one of the eight wonders in the

world.

A．commanded B．realized C．recognized D．found

28．More people are beginning to buy things through the Internet. Do you think shopping online will take the place of(代替) shopping in stores? A．especially B．frequently C． finally D．properly

29．They ______ laughing now and then while watching one of Charlie Chaplin’s films. A．set down B．set out C．burst into D．burst out 30．—Have you found she was upset recently? She was hurt by what you said.

—I’m really sorry, but I didn’t do it _____. A．after all B．on purpose C．by accident D．as usual 31．Mike is excellent in math, _________, he didn’t pass the final exam this time.

A. for example B. believe it or not C. as usual D. as a matter of fact 32．He has made progress in his English, _______ makes his father very happy. A. who B. that C. what D. which 33. You may depend it won’t happen again.

A. that B. on that C. on it that D. on it 34. He is as a leader but he hasn’t in teaching. A. success; many experiences B. a success; much experience

C. great success; an experience D. a great success; a lot of experiences 35. Thank you for the trouble me with the work.

A. having; helping B. taking; helping C. taking; to help D. having; to help 36. — Did you scold him for his mistake? — Yes, but _____ it.

A. I’d rather not do B. I’d better not do

C. I’d rather not have done D. I’d better have not done

37. It is ____ waste of time for young men to devote themselves to playing computer games on ___ Internet only for _____ pleasure.

A. /; the; / B. the; the; / C. a; the; a D. a; the; /

38. I thought _____ no use talking with him. _____ was a waste of time.

A. there…There B. it…It C. there…It D. it…There 39. —I’m thinking of losing weight these days.

—Oh, you be out of your mind. You’re 50 kilograms at the most! A. will B. should C. may D. must

40. _____ my finishing reading the novel, you shall have it immediately. A. On B. At C. For D. With 41. ---Why do you suggest Gulin?

---I believe_____ beauty of ____ nature there will make _____ excellent impression upon the tourists. A. a, the, an B. the, the, an C. the, /, the D. the, /, an 42. Whether by accident or , he arrived too late to help us. A. purpose B. aim C. design D. chance 43. — Shall I go and buy two more bottles of beer?

— No, I’ve already bought twenty. That _____ be enough for us two. A. can B. may C. ought to D. might

44. He had promised me to come to the party, and _____.

A. so did he B. so he did C. so he would D. so would he 45. — He hasn’t finished the work yet. — Well, he _____.

A. ought B. ought to C. ought to have D. ought to have finished

书面表达 你的英国笔友Linda来信说她家搬到了一个新城市，她每天除了上课就是在家上网，感觉生活很单调。请你给她写一封e-mail，劝她多结交朋友，多参加社会活动。

词数：100左右。开头、结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 Dear Linda,

Best wishes!

Sincerely yours,

Fancy